Annex tables to the European Drug Report 2024

These tables, produced specifically for the European Drug Report 2024, provide national data for estimates of drug use prevalence including problem opioid use, substitution treatment, total number in treatment, treatment entry, injecting drug use, drug-induced deaths, drug-related infectious diseases, syringe distribution and drug seizures. The data are drawn from and are a subset of the EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2024, where notes and meta-data are available. The years to which data refer are indicated. In addition, for some indicators, these data tables also provide total values for EU as well as for EMCDDA reporting countries, 'EU+2' (EU Member States, Türkiye and Norway).

This page is part of the European Drug Report 2024, the EMCDDA's annual overview of the drug situation in Europe.

Last update: 11 June 2024

List of tables

Opioids

Table 1a. High-risk opioid use estimates for population aged 15–64 years (European Drug Report 2024)
Country Year of estimate cases per 1 000
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czechia 2022 1.4-1.4
Denmark 2016 4.0-9.6
Germany 2021 1.6-2.0
Estonia
Ireland 2019 6.6-7.3
Greece 2022 1.0-1.5
Spain 2021 1.2-2.2
France 2020 5.5-5.8
Croatia 2015 2.5-4.0
Italy 2022 3.6-6.0
Cyprus 2022 1.8-3.8
Latvia 2017 4.6-7.0
Lithuania 2016 2.7-6.5
Luxembourg 2019 3.3
Hungary 2010-11 0.4-0.5
Malta 2022 3.6-3.7
Netherlands 2012 1.1-1.5
Austria 2021 6.3-6.8
Poland 2014 0.4-0.7
Portugal 2018 3.0-7.0
Romania 2020 1.0-1.7
Slovenia 2022 3.0-3.5
Slovakia 2020 0.9–1.7
Finland 2017 6.9-8.6
Sweden
Türkiye 2011 0.2-0.5
Norway 2013 2.0-4.2

Notes

High-risk opioid use estimates relate to the population aged 15 to 64 years.

 

Table 1b. Entrants into treatment during the year: opioids clients as a proportion of treatment demands (European Drug Report 2024)
Country All opioids entrants - % All opioids entrants - count First-time opioids entrants - % First-time opioids entrants - count Previously treated opioids entrants - % Previously treated opioids entrants - count
Belgium 16.9 1897 5.5 216 23 1543
Bulgaria 58.1 627 24.9 84 74.2 517
Czechia 37.7 2747 18.7 470 36.8 1229
Denmark 11.7 682 7.9 206 14.9 446
Germany 14.6 5914 7.2 1601 24.2 3869
Estonia 65.7 274 43.5 54 74.8 217
Ireland 33.1 3808 13.4 597 46.8 2970
Greece 46.7 1659 26.1 398 62.1 1247
Spain 19.2 8518 10.5 2463 29.6 5428
France 24.4 8637 15.2 2497 42.8 4155
Croatia 61.4 1421 21.5 138 76.6 1283
Italy 35.6 12395 22.6 3105 44.1 9290
Cyprus 19.1 169 15.5 83 26.3 81
Latvia 35.7 263 18.8 71 53.5 192
Lithuania 80.9 347 34.1 15 88.9 305
Luxembourg 33.6 85 22.2 20 39.9 65
Hungary 2.2 96 1.1 31 6.1 58
Malta 47.7 919 25.9 121 54.8 798
Netherlands 11.5 1262 6.2 402 19.3 860
Austria 46.4 1941 30.7 514 56.8 1427
Poland 16 680 7.8 161 24.4 511
Portugal 33.9 1183 17.7 338 53.6 845
Romania 21.1 777 8.5 206 45.9 571
Slovenia 78.9 105 56.2 18 85.7 84
Slovakia 13.8 292 7.8 70 20.4 218
Finland 39.1 167 40.2 66 38.4 101
Sweden 31.8 122 14.9 1973 - -
Türkiye 44.3 5041 33.9 2312 60.1 2729
Norway 18.2 1154 12.2 377 22.5 817
European Union 24.1 56987 12.7 15918 36.1 38310
EU, Türkiye and Norway 24.9 63182 13.8 18607 36.6 41856

Notes

Data on entrants into treatment are for 2022 or most recent year available: Czechia, 2020; Spain, France, Finland, 2021; Netherlands, 2015.
(1) Sweden: data on all treatment entrants include exclusively compulsory institutional care. In previous years data included treatment entrants from hospital-based treatment, compulsory institutional care, as well as prison and probation services. First-time entrants refers to clients who received hospital-based treatment only. Data shown are not fully representative of the national picture.
(2) Norway: The percentage of clients in treatment for opioid-related problems is a minimum value, not accounting for opioid clients registered as polydrug users.

Table 1c. Entrants into treatment during the year: proportion of opioids clients with injection as main route of administration (European Drug Report 2024)
Country All opioids entrants - % All opioids entrants - count First-time opioids entrants - % First-time opioids entrants - count Previously treated opioids entrants - % Previously treated opioids entrants - count
Belgium 12.7 219 6.3 13 13.8 194
Bulgaria 64.9 386 57.7 45 66.6 333
Czechia 61.7 1059 56.8 246 63.5 704
Denmark 8.9 56 3.6 7 12 49
Germany 18.4 751 13.7 154 20 524
Estonia 76.2 205 75.9 41 76.4 162
Ireland 28.9 1071 17.6 105 29.7 862
Greece 23.4 385 16.9 67 25.4 316
Spain 9.4 747 4.8 115 11.4 604
France 12.2 953 8.2 190 15.4 599
Croatia 61.3 849 30 39 64.5 810
Italy 39.9 4255 24.4 594 44.5 3661
Cyprus 40.1 67 34.9 29 47.5 38
Latvia 78 188 73 46 79.8 142
Lithuania 80 268 73.3 11 79.9 235
Luxembourg 50.6 42 45 9 52.4 33
Hungary 29.2 26 16.7 5 35.1 20
Malta 44.9 412 17.4 21 49.1 391
Netherlands 6.1 39 7.6 13 5.6 26
Austria 24.8 396 17.6 70 27.2 326
Poland 44.8 303 36.7 58 47 240
Portugal 10.8 117 8.3 25 11.8 92
Romania 81.1 597 74.5 149 83.6 448
Slovenia 28.8 30 11.8 2 29.8 25
Slovakia 67.5 195 64.3 45 68.4 147
Finland 76.4 126 75.8 50 76.8 76
Sweden 61.8 68 - - - -
Türkiye 19.2 969 14.6 338 23.1 631
Norway - - - - - -
European Union 27.9 13810 17.7 2149 32.1 11057
EU, Türkiye and Norway 27.1 14779 17.2 2487 31.5 11688

Notes

Data on entrants into treatment are for 2022 or most recent year available: Czechia, 2020; Spain, France, Finland, 2021; Netherlands, 2015.
Missing cases of 30 % or more for main route of administration: Czechia, Germany and the Netherlands.
(1) Sweden: data on all treatment entrants include exclusively compulsory institutional care. In previous years data included treatment entrants from hospital-based treatment, compulsory institutional care, as well as prison and probation services. First-time entrants refers to clients who received hospital-based treatment only. Data shown are not fully representative of the national picture.
(2) Norway: the percentage of clients in treatment for opioid-related problems is a minimum value, not accounting for opioid clients registered as polydrug users.

Table 1d. Number of clients in opioid agonist treatment (European Drug Report 2024)
Country Count
Belgium 15324
Bulgaria 2850
Czechia 7500
Denmark 5719
Germany 81200
Estonia 950
Ireland 11667
Greece 8940
Spain 55633
France 177100
Croatia 4596
Italy 75711
Cyprus 292
Latvia 700
Lithuania 1078
Luxembourg 1291
Hungary 526
Malta 857
Netherlands 5241
Austria 20644
Poland 4010
Portugal 16839
Romania 1728
Slovenia 3056
Slovakia 673
Finland 4729
Sweden 4417
Türkiye 5041
Norway 7643
European Union 513271
EU, Türkiye and Norway 525955

Notes

Data on clients in agonist treatment are for 2022 or most recent year available: Spain, 2021; Finland, 2019; France, Italy, 2018; Netherlands, 2015.
(1) Czechia: number of clients in agonist treatment is an estimate derived from the treatment demand register and opioid agonist treatment provided by general practitioners.
(2) Netherlands: Data on the number of clients in agonist treatment are not complete.

Cocaine

Table 2a. Cocaine prevalence estimates among the general population and school students (European Drug Report 2024)
Country Year of survey General population surveys - lifetime, all adults (15-64) General population surveys - last 12 months, young adults (15-34) School surveys - lifetime, students (15-16)
Belgium 2018 2.9 1.4
Bulgaria 2020 2 1.3 3
Czechia 2021 1.4 0.7 2
Denmark 2023 9.4 4.2 2
Germany 2021 5.6 3.1 1
Estonia 2018 5 2.8 2
Ireland 2019 8.3 4.8 3
Greece 2015 1.3 0.6 1
Spain 2022 12 3.1 2
France 2017 5.58 3.18 3
Croatia 2019 4.8 3.9 2
Italy 2022 6.6 2.1 2
Cyprus 2022 2.2 1.1 4
Latvia 2020 2.7 2.2 2
Lithuania 2021 1.8 0.8 2
Luxembourg 2019 2.9 0.9 2
Hungary 2019 1.7 0.6 3
Malta 2022 0.5   2
Netherlands 2022 7.8 5.5 2
Austria 2018 6.2 2.2 2
Poland 2022 0.7 0.5 2
Portugal 2019 1.1 0.5 2
Romania 2018 1.6 0.7 2
Slovenia 2023 2.7 1.8 3
Slovakia 2022 2.1 1.1 1
Finland 2022 5.8 3.1 1
Sweden (1) 2017 2.8 0.7
Türkiye 2022 0.168 0.082
Norway 2021 7.3 4.2 2
European Union 5.4 2.5
EU, Türkiye and Norway

Notes

Prevalence estimates for the general population: age ranges are 18-64 and 18-34 for Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Hungary; 16-64 and 16-34 for Denmark, Estonia and Norway; 18-65 for Malta; 17-34 for Sweden.
Germany ESPAD data refer to Bavaria only.

 

Table 2b. Entrants into treatment during the year: cocaine clients as a proportion of treatment demands (European Drug Report 2024)
Country All cocaine entrants - % All cocaine entrants - count First-time cocaine entrants - % First-time cocaine entrants - count Previously treated cocaine entrants - % Previously treated cocaine entrants - count
Belgium 30.8 3444 28.4 1115 31.4 2111
Bulgaria 7.8 84 11 37 5.7 40
Czechia 0.9 62 1.1 28 1 32
Denmark 24 1397 24.8 648 23.6 705
Germany 9.4 3817 9.4 2076 9.4 1511
Estonia 3.1 13 3.2 4 3.1 9
Ireland 33.7 3872 41.3 1838 27.9 1770
Greece 19.9 707 23.2 354 17.5 351
Spain 46.8 20741 45.3 10647 49 9004
France 11.8 4174 11.6 1911 13.1 1273
Croatia 5.2 121 11.9 76 2.7 45
Italy 40.6 14132 44.1 6055 38.3 8077
Cyprus 26.1 231 23.4 125 31.2 96
Latvia 1.8 13 2.1 8 1.4 5
Lithuania 3.7 16 15.9 7 2 7
Luxembourg 23.7 60 14.4 13 28.8 47
Hungary 5.5 244 6 172 3.9 37
Malta 39 750 54.3 254 34 496
Netherlands 24.3 2675 20.8 1357 29.6 1318
Austria 15.6 654 18.1 304 13.9 350
Poland 3.4 145 3.5 72 3.3 70
Portugal 26.4 922 29.8 569 22.4 353
Romania 3.9 144 5 121 1.8 23
Slovenia 12 16 31.2 10 6.1 6
Slovakia 1.3 28 2 18 0.8 9
Finland 0.7 3 1.2 2 0.4 1
Sweden 3.6 14 3.9 517 - -
Türkiye 2.9 327 3 206 2.7 121
Norway 5 316 6 186 3.6 130
European Union 24.7 58479 22.6 28338 26.1 27746
EU, Türkiye and Norway 23.3 59122 21.2 28730 24.5 27997

Notes

Data on entrants into treatment are for 2022 or most recent year available: Czechia, 2020; Spain, France, Finland, 2021; Netherlands, 2015.
(1) Sweden: data on all treatment entrants include exclusively compulsory institutional care. In previous years data included treatment entrants from hospital-based treatment, compulsory institutional care, as well as prison and probation services. First-time entrants refers to clients who received hospital-based treatment only. Data shown are not fully representative of the national picture.

Table 2c. Entrants into treatment during the year: proportion of cocaine clients with injection as main route of administration (European Drug Report 2024)
Country All cocaine entrants - % All cocaine entrants - count First-time cocaine entrants - % First-time cocaine entrants - count Previously treated cocaine entrants - % Previously treated cocaine entrants - count
Belgium 3.3 98 1.4 13 4.3 80
Bulgaria 2.7 2 0 0 5.7 2
Czechia 5 3 3.7 1 6.5 2
Denmark 0.9 11 0.3 2 1.4 9
Germany 1.8 49 0.9 13 2.9 30
Estonia 38.5 5 50 2 33.3 3
Ireland 0.7 28 - - 1.4 24
Greece 5.9 42 2 7 10 35
Spain 0.7 134 0.4 39 1.1 94
France 4.7 186 1.9 34 8.7 105
Croatia 1.7 2 1.4 1 2.3 1
Italy 1.8 230 1 53 2.4 177
Cyprus 7 16 7.3 9 7.3 7
Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lithuania - - - - - -
Luxembourg 43.1 25 9.1 1 51.1 24
Hungary 2.5 6 1.8 3 5.7 2
Malta 5.6 42 1.6 4 7.7 38
Netherlands 0.4 5 0.1 1 0.6 4
Austria 5.7 35 2.1 6 8.9 29
Poland 1.4 2 1.4 1 1.4 1
Portugal 1.6 14 0.7 4 2.9 10
Romania 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slovenia 18.8 3 10 1 33.3 2
Slovakia 3.6 1 - - 11.1 1
Finland 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sweden 8.3 1 - - - -
Türkiye 0 0 0 0 - -
Norway - - - - - -
European Union 1.8 940 0.8 199 2.7 680
EU, Türkiye and Norway 1.8 940 0.8 199 2.7 680

Notes

Data on entrants into treatment are for 2022 or most recent year available: Czechia, 2020; Spain, France, Finland, 2021; Netherlands, 2015.
Missing cases of 30 % or more for main route of administation: Germany and the Netherlands.
(1) Sweden: data on all treatment entrants include exclusively compulsory institutional care. In previous years data included treatment entrants from hospital-based treatment, compulsory institutional care, as well as prison and probation services. First-time entrants refers to clients who received hospital-based treatment only. Data shown are not fully representative of the national picture.

Amphetamines

Table 3a. Amphetamines prevalence estimates among the general population and school students (European Drug Report 2024)
Country Year of survey General population surveys - lifetime, all adults (15-64) General population surveys - last 12 months, young adults (15-34) School surveys - lifetime, students (15-16)
Belgium 2018 0.8 1.2
Bulgaria 2020 2.1 1.4 3
Czechia 2021 1.8 0.3 1
Denmark 2023 7.9 1 1
Germany 2021 6.1 2.9 2
Estonia 2018 6.1 2.1 3
Ireland 2019 4.8 2.3 2
Greece 1
Spain 2022 4.6 1.1 1
France 2017 2.17 0.6 1
Croatia 2019 4.6 3.5 2
Italy 2022 2.2 1.3 1
Cyprus 2022 0.9 0.9 2
Latvia 2020 1.8 1.2 2
Lithuania 2021 1.4 0.6 1
Luxembourg 2019 1.3 0.3 1
Hungary 2019 1.5 0.8 3
Malta 2013 0.3 1
Netherlands 2022 6.3 3.2 1
Austria 2022 4.5 1.4 2
Poland 2018 2.4 1.4 3
Portugal 2016 0.4 0 2
Romania 2019 0.2 0.1 1
Slovenia 2018 2.3 1.1 1
Slovakia 2023 1.3 0.1 1
Finland 2018 4.7 3 2
Sweden (1) 2021 1.6 0.8
Türkiye 2017 0.033
Norway 2022 5.2 0.7 2
European Union 3.5 1.5
EU, Türkiye and Norway

Notes

Prevalence estimates for the general population: age ranges are 18-64 and 18-34 for Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Hungary; 16-64 and 16-34 for Denmark, Estonia and Norway; 18-65 for Malta; 17-34 for Sweden.
Prevalence estimates for the school population are extracted from the 2019 ESPAD survey, except for Belgium (2019; Flanders only) and Luxembourg (2014). Germany ESPAD data refer to Bavaria only.

 

Table 3b. Entrants into treatment during the year: amphetamines clients as a proportion of treatment demands (European Drug Report 2024)
Country All amphetamines entrants - % All amphetamines entrants - count First-time amphetamines entrants - % First-time amphetamines entrants - count Previously treated amphetamines entrants - % Previously treated amphetamines entrants - count
Belgium 8.9 994 6.2 244 10.9 735
Bulgaria 16.1 174 28.5 96 10.5 73
Czechia 41.5 3026 51.6 1299 43 1435
Denmark 6 347 4.9 127 7 210
Germany 14.9 6021 11.9 2632 19.7 3156
Estonia 21.1 88 38.7 48 13.8 40
Ireland 0.8 87 1.2 52 0.5 31
Greece 1.5 54 1.8 27 1.3 27
Spain 2.2 996 2.4 568 2.2 401
France 0.7 241 0.7 115 0.6 55
Croatia 5.3 123 11.7 75 2.9 48
Italy 0.3 109 0.5 63 0.2 46
Cyprus 15.6 138 13.5 72 20.8 64
Latvia 22 162 24.9 94 18.9 68
Lithuania 3.7 16 13.6 6 1.5 5
Luxembourg - - - - - -
Hungary 13.4 591 14 401 11.2 107
Malta 0.2 3 0.4 2 0.1 1
Netherlands 7.4 817 7.5 487 7.4 330
Austria 6.2 260 6.9 116 5.7 144
Poland 34.7 1476 38.7 802 30.8 646
Portugal 0.3 10 0.5 9 0.1 1
Romania 3.6 131 3.9 94 3 37
Slovenia 0.8 1 0 0 1 1
Slovakia 52.6 1115 56.7 512 51.3 548
Finland 30.9 132 25 41 34.6 91
Sweden 31 119 10.4 1373    
Türkiye 39.3 4466 47.5 3246 26.9 1220
Norway 13.4 848 8.4 260 16.2 588
European Union 7.3 17231 7.5 9355 7.8 8300
EU, Türkiye and Norway 8.9 22545 9.5 12861 8.8 10108

Notes

Data on entrants into treatment are for 2022 or most recent year available: Czechia, 2020; Spain, France, Finland, 2021; Netherlands, 2015.
Data on entrants into treatment for Sweden and Norway are for ‘stimulants other than cocaine’.
(1) Sweden: data on all treatment entrants include exclusively compulsory institutional care. In previous years data included treatment entrants from hospital-based treatment, compulsory institutional care, as well as prison and probation services. First-time entrants refers to clients who received hospital-based treatment only. Data shown are not fully representative of the national picture.

Table 3c. Entrants into treatment during the year: proportion of amphetamines clients with injection as main route of administration (European Drug Report 2024)
Country All amphetamines entrants - % All amphetamines entrants - count First-time amphetamines entrants - % First-time amphetamines entrants - count Previously treated amphetamines entrants - % Previously treated amphetamines entrants - count
Belgium 9.7 81 6.9 14 10.7 67
Bulgaria 2 3 1.2 1 3.3 2
Czechia 65.2 1827 62.5 779 67 933
Denmark 1.8 6 0 0 2.1 4
Germany 1.8 65 1.4 24 2.3 39
Estonia 71.6 63 66.7 32 77.5 31
Ireland 25 21 19.6 10 27.6 8
Greece 13.2 7 11.5 3 14.8 4
Spain 3.1 30 4.1 23 1.5 6
France 3.2 7 5.5 6 3.6 2
Croatia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Italy 2.2 2 - - 5 2
Cyprus 10.5 14 7 5 15 9
Latvia 42.4 59 33.3 26 54.1 33
Lithuania 6.7 1 - - - -
Luxembourg - - - - - -
Hungary 3.5 20 2 8 11.4 12
Malta - - - - - -
Netherlands 1.3 4 1 2 1.9 2
Austria 1.7 4 1.9 2 1.5 2
Poland 1.3 19 0.6 5 2.2 14
Portugal 22.2 2 12.5 1 100 1
Romania 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slovenia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slovakia 23.5 257 20.6 104 25.5 137
Finland 78.6 99 59.5 22 86.5 77
Sweden 62.5 65 - - - -
Türkiye 1.2 53 0.8 27 2.1 26
Norway - - - - - -
European Union 19.5 2656 16.4 1067 21.6 1385
EU, Türkiye and Norway 15 2709 11.2 1094 18.5 1411

Notes

Data on entrants into treatment are for 2022 or most recent year available: Czechia, 2020; Spain, France, Finland, 2021; Netherlands, 2015.
Data on entrants into treatment for Sweden and Norway are for ‘stimulants other than cocaine’.
Missing cases of 30 % or more for main route of admininstration: Germany and the Netherlands.
(1) Sweden: data on all treatment entrants include exclusively compulsory institutional care. In previous years data included treatment entrants from hospital-based treatment, compulsory institutional care, as well as prison and probation services. First-time entrants refers to clients who received hospital-based treatment only. Data shown are not fully representative of the national picture.

MDMA

Table 4a. MDMA prevalence estimates among the general population and school students (European Drug Report 2024)
Country Year of survey General population surveys - lifetime, all adults (15-64) General population surveys - last 12 months, young adults (15-34) School surveys - lifetime, students (15-16)
Belgium 2018 2.5 1.8
Bulgaria 2020 1.3 0.7 3
Czechia 2022 8.1 4.7 4
Denmark 2023 5 1.1 2
Germany 2021 5.6 2.7 2
Estonia 2018 5.4 2.5 5
Ireland 2019 10.3 6.5 3
Greece 2015 0.6 0.4 1
Spain 2022 5.1 1.8 1
France 2017 3.86 1.31 2
Croatia 2019 4.2 2.6 2
Italy 2022 3.8 2.1 1
Cyprus 2022 2.4 1.8 3
Latvia 2020 1.9 1.6 5
Lithuania 2021 1.8 0.8 3
Luxembourg 2019 2 0.9 1
Hungary 2019 2.5 1.1 3
Malta 2013 0.7 1
Netherlands 2022 12.7 9.8 3
Austria 2022 4.9 1.5 3
Poland 2018 1 0.5 3
Portugal 2022 0.9 0.3 3
Romania 2019 1 0.8 1
Slovenia 2018 2.9 1.3 3
Slovakia 2023 4.9 2.1 3
Finland 2022 6.8 2.5 1
Sweden (1) 2021 2 1.1
Türkiye 2017 0.353 0.159
Norway 2022 4.7 1.2 2
European Union 4.3 2.2
EU, Türkiye and Norway

Notes

Prevalence estimates for the general population: age ranges are 18-64 and 18-34 for Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Hungary; 16-64 and 16-34 for Denmark, Estonia and Norway; 18-65 for Malta; 17-34 for Sweden.
Prevalence estimates for the school population are extracted from the 2019 ESPAD survey, except for Belgium (2019; Flanders only) and Luxembourg (2014). Germany ESPAD data refer to Bavaria only.

 

Table 4b. Entrants into treatment during the year: MDMA clients as a proportion of treatment demands (European Drug Report 2024)
Country All mdma entrants - % All mdma entrants - count First-time mdma entrants - % First-time mdma entrants - count Previously treated mdma entrants - % Previously treated mdma entrants - count
Belgium 0.3 35 0.7 26 0.1 8
Bulgaria 1.4 15 2.7 9 0.9 6
Czechia 0.5 33 0.7 18 0.3 9
Denmark 0.2 13 0.3 9 0 1
Germany 0.5 183 0.6 130 0.3 44
Estonia - - - - - -
Ireland 0.1 16 0.3 12 - -
Greece 0.3 10 0.2 3 0.3 7
Spain 0.2 91 0.3 68 0.1 19
France 0.4 138 0.4 61 0.4 35
Croatia 0.4 9 1.1 7 0.1 2
Italy 0.1 42 0.1 14 0.1 28
Cyprus 0.1 1 0.2 1 - -
Latvia 0.8 6 1.1 4 0.6 2
Lithuania - - - - - -
Luxembourg - - - - - -
Hungary 3.1 135 3 87 2.6 25
Malta 0.4 8 1.3 6 0.1 2
Netherlands 0.7 80 1 67 0.3 13
Austria 0.8 33 1 16 0.7 17
Poland 0.3 11 0.2 5 0.3 6
Portugal 0.5 19 0.9 17 0.1 2
Romania 1.9 70 2.3 57 1 13
Slovenia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slovakia 0.1 3 0.2 2 - -
Finland 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sweden - - - - - -
Türkiye 0.6 64 0.6 38 0.6 26
Norway - - - - - -
European Union 0.4 951 0.5 619 0.2 242
EU, Türkiye and Norway 0.4 1015 0.5 657 0.2 268

Notes

Data on entrants into treatment are for 2022 or most recent year available: Czechia, 2020; Spain, France, Finland, 2021; Netherlands, 2015.

Cannabis

Table 5a. Cannabis prevalence estimates among the general population and school students (European Drug Report 2024)
Country Year of survey General population surveys - lifetime, all adults (15-64) General population surveys - last 12 months, young adults (15-34) School surveys - lifetime, students (15-16)
Belgium 2018 22.6 13.6 17.3
Bulgaria 2020 8.7 5.9 17
Czechia 2022 30.4 13.5 28
Denmark 2023 37.6 12.5 17
Germany 2021 34.7 17.2 22
Estonia 2018 24.5 16.6 20
Ireland 2019 24.4 13.8 19
Greece 2015 11 4.5 8
Spain 2022 40.9 19.1 23
France 2021 47.3 19.2 23
Croatia 2019 22.9 20.3 21
Italy 2022 34.8 21.5 27
Cyprus 2022 18 10.6 8
Latvia 2020 15 8.2 26
Lithuania 2021 13.7 8.8 18
Luxembourg 2019 23.3 12 19
Hungary 2019 6.1 3.4 13
Malta 2013 4.3 12
Netherlands 2022 28.8 18.2 22
Austria 2020 22.7 11.1 21
Poland 2018 12.1 7.8 21
Portugal 2022 12.2 4.9 13
Romania 2019 6.1 6 9
Slovenia 2018 20.7 12.3 23
Slovakia 2023 23.1 10.2 24
Finland 2022 31.2 15.1 11
Sweden (1) 2022 17.8 6.6 5.1
Türkiye 2017 2.725 1.846
Norway 2022 27.1 11 9
European Union 29.9 15
EU, Türkiye and Norway

Notes

Prevalence estimates for the general population: age ranges are 18-64 and 18-34 for Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Hungary; 16-64 and 16-34 for Denmark, Estonia, Sweden and Norway; 18-65 for Malta.

Prevalence estimates for the school population are extracted from the 2019 ESPAD survey, except for Belgium (2019; Flanders only) and Luxembourg (2018). Germany ESPAD data refer to Bavaria only. Due to possible overstating, Luxembourg cannabis lifetime prevalence may be slightly overestimated.

 

Table 5b. Entrants into treatment during the year: cannabis clients as a proportion of treatment demands (European Drug Report 2024)
Country All cannabis entrants - % All cannabis entrants - count First-time cannabis entrants - % First-time cannabis entrants - count Previously treated cannabis entrants - % Previously treated cannabis entrants - count
Belgium 31.3 3501 47.1 1850 22.7 1524
Bulgaria 10.1 109 19.6 66 6 42
Czechia 14.7 1072 21.4 539 14.1 469
Denmark 53.1 3085 57.2 1493 49.2 1473
Germany 57.4 23228 67.6 14981 43.2 6921
Estonia 6.2 26 8.9 11 5.2 15
Ireland 19 2184 32.8 1463 10.3 650
Greece 27.8 989 44.9 684 14.9 299
Spain 27.8 12350 36.3 8529 17.2 3160
France 55.9 19758 64.9 10680 37.6 3647
Croatia 20.6 478 44.9 288 11.4 190
Italy 21.6 7516 30.5 4194 15.8 3322
Cyprus 38.5 340 46.9 251 21.4 66
Latvia 32.7 241 43.7 165 21.2 76
Lithuania 5.8 25 25 11 3.2 11
Luxembourg 42.7 108 63.3 57 31.3 51
Hungary 62.4 2743 66.1 1895 51.2 488
Malta 12.1 233 17.5 82 10.4 151
Netherlands 47.3 5202 55.5 3625 35.4 1577
Austria 26.8 1124 39.8 666 18.2 458
Poland 27.4 1165 31.3 648 23.4 490
Portugal 35.5 1238 46.9 896 21.7 342
Romania 53.8 1976 66.1 1606 29.7 370
Slovenia 3.8 5 9.4 3 2 2
Slovakia 24.3 514 27.7 250 17.4 186
Finland 14.5 62 22 36 9.9 26
Sweden 11.2 43 13.7 1816 - -
Türkiye 8.3 946 9.8 669 6.1 277
Norway 26.9 1707 31.4 970 20.3 737
European Union 37.8 89315 45.3 56785 24.5 26006
EU, Türkiye and Norway 36.2 91968 43.2 58424 23.6 27020

Notes

Data on entrants into treatment are for 2022 or most recent year available: Czechia, 2020; Spain, France, Finland, 2021; Netherlands, 2015.
(1) Sweden: data on all treatment entrants include exclusively compulsory institutional care. In previous years data included treatment entrants from hospital-based treatment, compulsory institutional care, as well as prison and probation services. First-time entrants refers to clients who received hospital-based treatment only. Data shown are not fully representative of the national picture.

Other indicators

Table 6. Other indicators: drug-induced deaths, HIV diagnoses, injecting drug use estimates, syringes distributed through specialised programmes (European Drug Report 2024)
Country Drug-induced deaths - Year Drug-induced deaths - All ages - Count Drug-induced deaths - Cases per million population - Aged 15-64 Drug-induced deaths - Aged 15-64 - Count HIV diagnoses related to injecting drug use (ECDC) - Cases per million population (a) HIV diagnoses related to injecting drug use (ECDC) - Count (a) Injecting drug use estimate - Year of estimate Injecting drug use estimate - Cases per 1 000 population Syringes distributed through specialised programmes
Belgium 2020 172 21 152 3.2 37 2019 0.5-1.0 1176600
Bulgaria 2022 20 4 18 2.6 18 2020 2.1-2.4 2880
Czechia 2022 64 9 59 5.7 60 2022 6.2-6.4 9165153
Denmark 2021 184 40 148 3.1 18
Germany 2022 1631 30 1604 3.2 270 4197853
Estonia 2022 82 95 80 3.8 5 2015 9.0-11.3 1647628
Ireland 2020 322 97 314 5.9 30 506019
Greece 2020 230 34 228 6.4 67 2022 0.3-0.6 785788
Spain 2021 820 21 654 1.2 55 2021 0.1-0.3 1209503
France 2017 417 - - 1.1 77 2020 2.6-2.8 12572530
Croatia 2022 102 42 102 0.8 3 2015 1.8-2.9 223348
Italy 2022 298 8 295 1.4 82 2021 2.1-3.5 515445
Cyprus 2022 5 8 5 2.2 2 2022 1.2-2.5 12516
Latvia 2022 63 53 63 18.7 35 2016 5.3-6.8 976504
Lithuania 2022 87 47 86 11.4 32 2016 4.4-4.9 480142
Luxembourg 2022 8 18 8 18.6 12 2019 1.9 425133
Hungary 2021 42 6 41 0.3 3 2015 1 39925
Malta 2021 5 14 5 0 0 76666
Netherlands 2022 332 26 299 0.3 5 2015 0.07-0.09
Austria 2022 248 42 247 1.2 11 6484667
Poland 2021 289 8 197 0.8 30 99525
Portugal 2021 81 11 73 1.9 20 2015 1.0-4.5 1115452
Romania 2022 27 2 25 2.2 42 522665
Slovenia 2022 66 46 62 0 0 514000
Slovakia 2021 28 7 27 1.7 9 27788
Finland 2022 250 70 240 5.9 33 2017 7.4 6917325
Sweden 2022 519 70 452 1.1 12 476244
Türkiye 2022 246 4 243 0.2 17
Norway 2022 321 86 303 4.4 24 2021 1.9-2.4 3500000
EU27   6392 22.5 5484 2.2 968
EU27, Türkiye and Norway   6959 19.8 6030 1.9 1009

Notes

Data on drug-induced deaths must be interpreted with caution. Methodological differences should be considered when comparing between countries. In the case of France, the age band is not specified, and the 417 cases were not included in the calculations of mortality rate referring to the population aged 15 to 64 years.
HIV diagnoses related to injecting drug use are from 2022.
Injecting drug use estimates refer to the population aged 15 to 64 years.
Syringes distributed through specialised programmes refer to 2022, except for Spain (2021), Hungary (2021), Germany (2018; not all sites covered), France (2018) and Italy (2017; data from about half of all sites).

Seizures of drugs

Table 7. Seizures data (European Drug Report 2024)
Country Heroin - Quantity seized (kg) Heroin - Quantity seized (count) Cocaine - Quantity seized (kg) Cocaine - Quantity seized (count) Amphetamine - Quantity seized (kg) Amphetamine - Quantity seized (count) Methamphetamine - Quantity seized (kg) Methamphetamine - Quantity seized (count) MDMA, MDA, MDEA - Quantity seized (tablets) MDMA, MDA, MDEA - Quantity seized kg) MDMA, MDA, MDEA - Quantity seized (count) Cannabis resin - Quantity seized (kg) Cannabis resin - Quantity seized (count) Herbal cannabis - Quantity seized (kg) Herbal cannabis - Quantity seized (count) Cannabis oil - Quantity seized (kg) Cannabis oil - Quantity seized (litre) Cannabis oil - Quantity seized (count) Cannabis plants - Quantity seized (plants) Cannabis plants - Quantity seized (kg) Cannabis plants - Quantity seized (count)
Belgium 1283 4 110911 189 4 6 16 6 - - - 2833 13 2990 30 - < 1 4 - - -
Bulgaria 335 289 33 294 29 764 46 1212 1332 4 149 4 32 15224 3474 - - - 25262 5428 281
Czechia < 1 82 1195 215 3 70 42 2558 18854 2 258 2 70 927 6288 - < 1 1 15671 - 375
Denmark - - 352 5461 365 1968 13 318 28204 8 536 5073 17196 497 3065 - 5 85 6585 295 360
Germany 1023 - 20047 - 1631 - 785 - - 236 - 2845 - 16914 - - - - 152409 - -
Estonia < 0.01 2 3103 184 40 373 < 1 43 - 1 102 39 20 68 676 - - - - 39 37
Ireland (1) - 1635 - 4020 - 333 - 60 - - 378 - 294 - 6429 - - - - - 635
Greece 140 2428 900 1096 92 10 57 405 7886 21 104 78 356 6186 7598 433 - 19 44544 - 537
Spain 189 8981 58334 53413 307 4070 148 738 469766 321 6390 324709 191637 126002 141082 9 - 235 2812950 - 3044
France 1400 - 27700 - 273 - - - 1543421 - - 87600 - 41000 - - - - 76807 - -
Croatia 28 135 329 649 96 1094 < 1 12 - 11 410 38 352 1140 5902 - - - 11658 - 212
Italy 548 1464 26089 7474 9 95 44 155 9224 11 225 13900 8866 33105 5604 18 10 46 209057 - 869
Cyprus < 0.1 14 38 134 < 0.1 2 4 220 166 1 12 39 19 348 752 - - - 136 - 19
Latvia < 0.01 3 175 150 11 370 9 171 7118 5 234 584 84 170 1096 < 0.1 - 4 - 65 31
Lithuania 1 44 23 - 95 - 2 - 48 53 - 1 - 220 - - - - - - -
Luxembourg 4 80 1 189 < 1 8 < 1 3 19 < 0.1 7 12 492 9 323 - - - 367 - 10
Hungary 6 31 85 320 30 839 1 204 46627 4 462 18 155 522 2804 5 - 33 6366 - 170
Malta 20 15 2971 57 < 1 1 - - 10 - 3 < 1 3 157 42 - - - 70 - 5
Netherlands (1) 2611 - 51447 - 32 - 82 - - 363 - 293 - 5492 - - - - - - -
Austria 102 1061 119 1986 29 904 10 550 20982 8 690 70 1248 1685 12360 3 - 56 24224 - 441
Poland 14 356 309 590 1823 12038 107 2041 67908 65 1443 380 572 7280 20501 - - - 41086 - 1341
Portugal 73 1252 16533 2010 1 105 2 19 7925 6 605 23375 4741 1157 1026 < 0.1 < 1 8 9273 < 0.1 247
Romania 191 373 80 646 15 302 < 1 15 45355 2 635 13 191 608 3889 - < 1 4 - 653 97
Slovenia 6 296 678 310 1 140 1 48 110 < 0.1 48 2 78 688 2848 - - - 15119 < 0.01 114
Slovakia < 1 38 6 46 < 0.1 3 6 776 394 < 0.1 52 276 28 83 919 < 0.1 - 1 542 - 20
Finland < 1 9 56 301 304 1208 9 153 60683 9 383 286 167 753 1026 - - - 12703 - 979
Sweden 18 613 1002 4471 1886 6553 7 155 128408 21 1380 5678 16054 2143 6446 10 - 263 - - -
Türkiye 7957 17503 2276 3827 5995 3463 15827 77765 5050325 - 4519 29332 15729 42519 57454 - 116 29 109575459 - 5737
Norway 84 424 117 1501 199 2715 30 136 43658 14 580 3971 5261 1172 2148 1 5 - - - -
European Union 7991 19205 322516 84205 7076 31256 1392 9862 2464440 1152 14506 468149 242668 265372 234180 478 17 759 3464829 6478 9824
EU, Türkiye and Norway 16032 37132 324909 89533 13270 37434 17250 87763 7558423 1166 19605 501451 263658 309063 293782 479 139 788 113037288 6478 15561

Notes

(1)All data are for 2022 or the most recent year submitted by the Reitox national focal points and are rounded off to the most significant figures.
(1) Data on number and quantity of seizures for some countries do not include all relevant law enforcement units and should be considered partial, minimum figures. See below:
Dutch Customs: Only cannabis resin and herbal quantities seized. 
(2) Amphetamine (including captagon) and methamphetamine tablets were converted to mass-equivalents by assuming a mass of 0.25 grams per tablet.
Methamphetamine: methamphetamine/methylamphetamine

 

Source data

The data used to create these tables may be found in CSV format below.

The complete set of source data for the European Drug Report 2024 including metadata and methodological notes is available in our data catalogue.

A subset of this data used to generate the tables on this page, may be found below.


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