partygoers/nightlife

Police interventions in licensed premises, with uniformed police officers visiting pubs two to three times a week was found in a narrative review (Calafat, Juan and Duch, 2009) to lead to:

• a 20 % reduction in recorded public disorders offences in the intervention area, compared with no reduction in the control area.

Police intervention in high-risk premises was found in a systematic review (Jones et al 2010) and in a narrative review (EMCDDA, 2012) to be a more effective strategy than ‘low level’ policing in:

• reducing alcohol-related incidents (narrative results only).

A narrative review (Calafat, Juan and Duch, 2009) found some evidence suggesting that pub-watching schemes have a significant desirable effect on:

• crime reduction (only narrative results).

Police interventions encompassing regular enforcement and visits by plain clothes officers aimed at promoting responsible alcohol service and at preventing driving while under the influence, and targeting servers in nightlife settings and licensed premises were found in a systematic review (Bolier et al 2011) to lead to:

• Bar tenders serving alcohol less often to pseudo-clients acting as though they were intoxicated (variation of results across three studies ranging from significant to not statistically significant results).

Police interventions aimed at reducing the movement of clients between bars, the overall alcohol consumption of clients and contain that consumption within safer settings was found to be effective in a systematic review (Ker and Chinnock, 2008) in:

• reducing assault rates: pre-intervention serious assault rate in the experimental area was 52 % higher than the rate in the control area. After intervention, the serious assault rate in the experimental area was 37 % lower than in the control area.

Face to face server training, when accompanied by strong and active management support, assessed in two narrative and two systematic review (Calafat, Juan and Duch, 2009; EMCDDA, 2012; Bolier et al, 2011; Jones et al 2010) was found effective in:

• reducing the level of intoxication in bar clients (only narrative results).
• reducing the percentage of clients with BALs ≥ 0.08 (reported by the authors as significant, only narrative results).

According to three narrative reviews (Calafat, 2010; Calafat, Juan and Duch, 2009; Faggiano and Vigna-Taglianti, 2008) and one systematic review (Tay 2005), drink-driving mass media campaigns have proven:

• to reduce alcohol-related crashes in the period during or after the campaign resulting in injury, by a median of 10 % (IQR 6 % to 15 %).

Drink-driving service (free transport home - ‘Tipsy Taxi’ service (operated 24 hours a day, 365 days a year) providing a free ride home for persons too intoxicated to drive. Service offered by bar employee or request made to bar employee by patron. Control areas had no such service.) for intoxicated drinkers was found to be effective in a systematic review (Ker and Chinnock, 2008) in:

• reducing injury in car crashes: 15 % reduction in the experimental area (reported as ‘highly significant’), with no change in the control.
• reducing fatal crashes (ratio reduced from 0.78 to 0.60, P = 0.29 – not statistically significant). 

Mass media campaigns were found to be effective in a narrative review (Wakefield, 2010, 4 studies):

• to reduce drink driving

Electronic Age Verification devices (EAVs) were found not effective according to a narrative review (Calafat, Juan and Duch, 2009) in: 

• increasing the frequency of age verification in recreational settings.

Replacement of pint glasses with toughened glassware was found in two systematic reviews (Jones et al, 2010; Ker and Chinnock, 2008) to cause even more harm:

• experimental glass caused more injury than the control (only narrative results).