Introduction
On this page you can explore data from hospitals participating in the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN — Euro-DEN Plus) project. This project involves the collection of data on emergency department presentations (or visits) with acute drug toxicity in participating countries in Europe. More centres are currently being recruited to increase the European value, representativeness and utility of this data source.
The project aims to provide detailed information on the nature and extent of harm associated with the use of drugs such as (but not limited to) cannabis, cocaine, heroin and other opioids, amphetamines, polydrug use with alcohol, as well as non-medical (recreational) use of prescription and over the counter medicines, and new psychoactive substances.
Data from all centres can be explored through an interactive tool, and a detailed analysis of the findings of the most recent data, from 2022, is presented.
Page last updated: 16 January 2024
Data explorer: acute drug-toxicity presentations to emergency services by year, hospital and reported drug
In this section you can explore the data from the most recent year (2022), as well as from previous years starting from the last quarter of 2013. Bubble sizes on the map show the percentage of presentations with the selected substance present. The sum of the percentages can be over 100% because several drugs can be mixed. More information on the patterns of polydrug use will be added latter on this page. Clicking on a bubble on the map will show numbers, some break-down of the presenattions by sex, age band and admission to intensive care unit, as well as more detailed information for the service . You can also select a hospital from the drop-down menu.
Notes
- The Source data section below provides a table containing the data shown in this tool and a description of each centre’s characteristics.
- The Limitations section includes general notes on the specificity of this surveillance system and the caveats and limitations of this data. More details on the limitations are available here (see the Frequently-asked questions (FAQ) on drug-related hospital emergencies).
- Because of the size of the dataset, this data explorer may be slow or unresponsive. If this is the case, we recommend trying another browser, such as Firefox, Safari or Chrome.
Caveats
Most presentations involve reported use of more than one drug. Mixing drugs can result in some interactions and can potentiate the effects of a single drug. It might therefore be difficult to determine the effect of a particular drug.
Alcohol-only acute toxicity presentations are not included in Euro-DEN Plus (see the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the Euro-DEN Plus FAQ pages). Therefore, the mention of alcohol in the table below refers only to those presentations that involved illicit drugs, misuse of prescription medicines for recreational purposes or new psychoactive substances (NPS). These particular presentations represent only a small proportion of all the acute alcohol toxicity presentations seen in hospital emergency services.
Another limitation and possible bias of these data is that information on whether or not alcohol has been co-reported is not systematically collected in all centres. The proportion of presentations for which this information is available is reported in the table below. This needs to be kept in mind when comparing the proportion of presentations in which alcohol was involved, across centres and over time. Based on the available data, half of the centres in 2022 had 49% or more acute drug toxicity presentations with alcohol involved.
Acute drug toxicity presentations with a medicine are included only when licensed pharmaceutical preparations (both prescription and over-the-counter medicines) are misused.
Analysis and results from the Euro-DEN Plus Sentinel network
A summary of the data from the Euro-DEN Plus network is presented in this section. The results provide a valuable sentinel-based surveillance of acute drug-related harms. These findings reveal marked geographical variations and changes over time (see data explorer) and provide a unique insight into the public health implications of drug use in Europe.
Euro-DEN started enhanced monitoring of acute drug toxicity presentations in European hospitals in October 2013. The sentinel network of hospital emergency services provides timelier and more accurate information on the harms associated with drug use than the routine national data reported in some countries (see the FAQ on drug-related hospital emergencies for a more detailed list of the strengths and limitations of this source of information). The network has published more than 25 papers by January 2024.
The findings presented here (from 28 active centres in 2022 in the European Union, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) show that the number of presentations varied considerably across study locations. Hospitals in Oslo, Msida, London, Amsterdam, Dublin, and Mallorca had the highest numbers of presentations reported. This reflects the large size and catchment area of the hospitals, but also the prevalence of drug use around the hospitals. The type of drugs involved in the presentations varied across centres — reflecting local markets and patterns of use — although the main drugs were reported in most of the participating centres.
This section provides:
- Key findings on the most recent analysis in the European Union, Norway, Türkiye, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (2022). Centres from other countries are not included in this summary but data are presented in the map.
- A summary of the variations across centres of the drugs most commonly involved in the presentations, including cannabis, stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA), opioids (heroin, methadone), selected prescription medicines (benzodiazepines, pregabalin), alcohol, GHB/GBL and new psychoactive substances (NPS)
2022 key findings
- Most acute drug toxicity presentations were among males.
- Proportions of young people (younger than 25 years) were higher in centres in the south and east of Europe.
- Polydrug use was frequent. It may be underestimated.
- Most presentations were discharged from the emergency department; admission to critical care units was uncommon.
- The median value of the proportion of presentations by drug or group of drugs shows that the most frequently reported drugs or groups of drugs included cocaine, cannabis, opioids, heroin, MDMA, amphetamine, GHB/GBL, NPS, and methamphetamine.
- Alcohol was commonly co-reported in acute drug toxicity presentations.
- Prescription medicines were a significant group of drugs involved in acute drug toxicity presentations.
- Opioids were the most common group of drugs involved in acute drug toxicity presentations.
- Cannabis involvement was widespread in Europe in acute drug toxicity presentations.
- Cocaine largely dominated the other stimulant drugs, and was widespread. Local signals of crack involvement in acute drug toxicity presentations are confirmed.
- The involvement of stimulants other than cocaine — amphetamine-type drugs — was quite geographically defined, with a higher proportion of presentations reported in centres in the north and east of Europe.
- On the whole, NPS were rarely involved in acute drug toxicity presentations and were reported in a limited number of centres.
- The patterns in the drugs involved and the demographics of those presenting varied by centre, highlighting the value of these data for local monitoring. Local findings should not be generalised, but should rather be seen as parts of a whole and considered in the context of other local indicators.
- Several countries participating in 2022 had two or more centres (Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom). The Euro-DEN Plus data highlight differences between these centres within the same country, which may be explained in part by the different social and demographic characteristics of the cities or parts of the cities (universities, deprived or nightlife areas and age distribution of the population), and other factors such as the pre-hospital referral pathways of the presentations.
- Sixteen centres have participated since the start of the network in 2013; of the 28 centres that participated in 2022, 25 had participated in 2020; 17 centres have reported continuously since 2016, four centres since 2017 and five since 2018; this allows for time trend analysis of acute drug toxicity presentations.
Drugs
Cannabis
Cannabis is frequently reported in Euro-DEN Plus acute drug toxicity presentations. Acute cannabis toxicity can be associated with a range of health problems, including neuropsychiatric and physical effects (1-4). Although outside the scope of the Euro-DEN Plus network, which focuses on the adult population, paediatric hospitals signal that unintentional paediatric cannabis intoxications are common and are on the rise in certain regions (5). Cannabis was the second most commonly reported illicit drug in this series.
The median percentage of presentations involving cannabis was 22.8% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. The highest proportion of presentations with cannabis involved was reported in Nicosia — 7 in 10 cases — followed by other centres in the south and east of Europe, including Bucharest, Mallorca and Msida. There is no information reported on the type of cannabis used (resin, herb, oil, edible) nor on the route of administration (smoked, vaporised, ingested). Cannabis was reported in 2022 across all 28 centres that reported data for that year.
In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving cannabis increased in ten of these centres in relation to other substances in the previous year. In six centres, this share decreased and in 12 centres it remained stable. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable.
Alcohol (in the context of polydrug use)
Alcohol can interact with other drugs and increase the risks associated with acute drug toxicity, such as those associated with GHB/GBL, opioids and central nervous system depressant drugs or prescription medicines. This has been confirmed in previous studies from the Euro-DEN Plus network (6,7). Alcohol was reported in the context of polydrug use (i.e. together with illicit drugs or prescription medicine misuse). A patient who presents with only alcohol-related toxicity symptoms would not be included in the Euro-DEN Plus dataset (see exclusion criteria in the Euro-DEN Plus FAQ pages).
The median percentage of presentations involving alcohol was 49% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. The highest proportions of acute drug toxicity presentations in which alcohol was mentioned were reported in centres in the north of Europe, including Oslo, London, Dublin, Vilnius, Ghent, Parnu, Munich as well as in Ljubljana, Rozzano and Geneva.
Cocaine
Acute cocaine toxicity can be associated with physical— in particular cardiovascular and neurological — and neuropsychiatric effects (8-12). Increases in cocaine availability, use and harms are reported in many countries in Europe (13-14). Cocaine is the most commonly reported stimulant drug in Euro-DEN Plus presentations.
The median percentage of presentations involving cocaine was 22.9% across the hospitals in 2022. The proportion of presentations with cocaine involved was highest in hospitals in western and southern Europe, including in Rozano and Mallorca where half or more of the presentations involved cocaine, followed by Drogheda, Basel, Antwerp, Nicosia and Msida. Similar to previous years, the lowest proportions of presentations with cocaine mentioned were reported in centres in eastern European cities including Bucharest, Gdansk and Vilnius. Cocaine was reported across all 28 centres that reported data for that year.
In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving cocaine increased in six centres compared with those for other substances in the previous year. In seven centres, this share decreased and in 15 it remained stable. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable.
Crack cocaine: a few centres (including those in Paris, Drogheda and London for the north and west of Europe, and those in Msida and Barcelona for the south of Europe) reported presentations involving the use of crack cocaine (not shown on the map) (8). Crack was reported by 12 centres in 2022.
In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving crack increased in seven of these centres compared with those for other substances in the previous year. In one centre, this share decreased and in four it remained stable. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable.
Amphetamine and amphetamine-type stimulants
Amphetamine and amphetamine-type stimulants (such as MDMA and methamphetamine) are central nervous system stimulants that cause hypertension and tachycardia, agitation, psychosis and feelings of increased confidence, sociability and energy (15). Amphetamine is the second most commonly reported stimulant drug, far behind cocaine.
The median percentage of presentations involving amphetamine was 4.6% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. The frequency of presentations involving amphetamine varied considerably across study locations. As in previous years, the highest proportions were reported in cities in the north and east of Europe, in particular Riga, Sofia and Parnu, where around a third or more of the presentations involved amphetamine. The drug was involved in a smaller proportion of presentations in centres in the south and west of Europe in countries such as Ireland, Cyprus, Malta and Italy. Amphetamine was reported by 25 centres in 2022 across all 28 centres that reported data for that year.
In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving amphetamine increased in eight centres compared with those for other substances in the previous year. In 12 centres, this share decreased and in five it remained stable. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable.
There are many other ‘amphetamine-type stimulants’, and those most frequently reported in the presentations in this series include MDMA and methamphetamine.
MDMA
MDMA (ecstasy) has been being reported in a similar proportion of presentations as amphetamine in previous analysis (16). The median percentage of presentations involving MDMA was 5.1% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. The highest proportions of presentations with MDMA involved were in the centres in Utrecht, Paris, Ghent and Amsterdam. MDMA was reported by 24 centres in 2022 across all 28 centres that reported data for that year.
In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving MDMA increased in 12 of these centres compared with those for other substances in the previous year. In five centres, this share decreased and in seven it remained stable. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable.
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine was reported less frequently than other drugs and in specific centres only. The median percentage of presentations involving methamphetamine was 2.5% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. In only in a small number of centres — Bratislava, Nicosia and Sofia — methamphetamine was involved in more than a quarter of presentations. Riga, two centres in London and Barcelona reported that methamphetamine was involved in more than one in ten cases. Other centres reported no or negligible proportions of presentations in which methamphetamine was involved. Methamphetamine was reported by 22 centres in 2022 across all 28 centres that reported data for that year.
In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving methamphetamine increased in nine of these centres compared with those for other substances in the previous year. In ten centres, this share decreased and in three it remained stable. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable.
Opioids
The term ‘opioids’ includes compounds that are extracted from the poppy seed as well as semisynthetic and synthetic compounds that bind with opioid receptors. Opioids are depressants of the central nervous system and cause breathing difficulties. Acute opioid toxicity can involve different types of opioids and can lead to death (17). This section presents the data on the selected single opioids: heroin (illicit drug) and methadone (prescription medicine).
Heroin
The median percentage of presentations involving heroin was 5.3% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. Roughly a fifth to a quarter of the presentations involved heroin in one centre in Oslo, in Drogheda in Ljubljana and in Dublin. In contrast, very small proportions of the presentations involved heroin in the centres in Ghent, Amsterdam, Vilnius and — in the southern and western parts of Europe — in Paris and Barcelona. Heroin was reported by 24 centres in 2022 across all 28 centres that reported data for that year.
In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving heroin increased in seven centres compared with those for other substances in the previous year. In five centres, this share decreased and in twelve it remained stable. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable.
Methadone
The median percentage of presentations involving methadone was 2% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. Methadone wasinvolved in more than one in ten presentations in Sofia, Riga, Dublin and Ljubljana. It was reported by 22 centres in 2022 across all 28 centres that reported data for that year.
In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving methadone increased in nine centres compared with those for other substances in the previous year. In nine centres, this share decreased and in four it remained stable. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable.
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are prescribed to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy and alcohol withdrawal. They are also commonly misused for a variety of reasons. Benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants and can potentiate the effect of acute toxicity with other depressant drugs, including alcohol and opioids (18,19).
The median percentage of presentations involving any benzodiazepine was 11.8% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. Munich, Drogheda and Dublin, Oslo, Paris and Gdansk were the centres with the highest proportion of presentations involving prescription medicines of this group. In contrast, Amsterdam, Msida, Bratislava reported the smallest proportion of presentations involving benzodiazepine, possibly reflecting a more recreational pattern of use compared to the centres where this prescription medicine was more frequently involved in the presentations. ‘New benzodiazepines’ are included in the NPS section below.
Other drugs — GHB/GBL and new psychoactive substances
Caveats: for this and other drugs, there are small numbers of presentations reported in some years for some centres, and the percentages should be interpretated with caution.
GHB/GBL
GHB/GBL ((Gamma hydroxybutyrate/Gamma butyrolactone) are a central nervous system depressant. Acute toxicity with these drugs can be associated with somatic problems, including coma, respiratory depression and death (7,21). The proportion of acute drug toxicity presentations involving GHB/GBL varied considerably across hospitals. The highest levels in 2022 were reported in Parnu (small numbers) and Oslo with more than half of the presentations, and in the centres in the Amsterdam, Utrecht London and Barcelona with more than one in five.
The median percentage of presentations involving GHB/GBL was 3.7% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. In 2022, GHB/GBL was reported by 22 centres across all 28 centres that reported data for that year.
In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving GHB/GBL increased in six centres compared with those for other substances in the previous year. In nine centres, this share decreased and in five it remained stable. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable.
Ketamine
The median percentage of presentations involving ketamine was 2.4% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. Ketamine was reported by 23 centres across all 28 centres that reported data for that year. In 2022, the share of emergency room presentations involving ketamine increased in 15 centres compared with those for other substances in the previous year. In three centres, this share decreased and in five it remained stable. Numbers are small are interpretation of the increasing trend in some centres should be cautious. Substances are ranked by the share of presentations in which they are involved and the trend analysis is based on these ranks. No year-to-year change in ranks is defined as stable (not shown on the map).
New psychoactive drugs (NPS)
The NPS identified in this series are mainly synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones (22). The median percentage of presentations involving NPS was 3.3% across the reporting hospitals in 2022. The centres in Rozzano, Gdansk, Bucharest and Msida reported the highest proportion of cases with NPS involved (noting that due to the small numbers, the proportion needs to be interpreted with caution). The NPS most frequently reported in these centres were unspecified ‘legal highs’, synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones.
A recent large multicentre series of NPS presentations to European emergency departments showed marked geographical variations and changes over time in the proportion of presentations involving NPS, as well as the proportion of NPS subgroups (22).
The other individual drugs most frequently reported (apart from those mentioned above) varied by country, reflecting the diversity of the local patterns of high-risk drug use. For several years the centres in Tallinn and Vilnius have been reporting fentanyl and fentanyl analogues, as the drug has replaced heroin in the local markets; the centres in Paris, London, Msida have been reporting crack; both centres in Ireland have been reporting the benzodiazepine medicine alprazolam; and centres in Oslo have been reporting clonazepam and other benzodiazepines. For the past few years, centres in London have reported ketamine, crack and mephedrone, and Barcelona has reported ketamine, poppers and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Centres in London and in Amsterdam have reported acute drug toxicity involving nitrous oxide, mirroring the recent data from other indicators across Europe (23).
Sex, gender, age and outcome
There are differences in the drugs involved in acute drug toxicity presentations according to age and sex (24).
Sex and gender
Most presentations were among males. Half of the centres reported than 25% or more of their presentations were among women. There was no clear geographical distribution of the centres according to the proportion of men and women, and some centres in the same country (e.g. Spain) reported quite different proportions of women, suggesting a local drug scene. For example, the proportion of women in Mallorca was around 1 in 3 compared to around 1 in 5 in Barcelona. Data on gender have recently been added to the data collection on sex and will be available later.
Age
The centre in Bucharest is an outlier as it is based in a paediatric hospital and has seen only presentations in patients aged less than 25 years.
The highest proportion of young cases was reported in centres in the eastern part of Europe such as those in Parnu, Gdansk Bratislava and Sofia, where at more than 60% of the cases were aged less than 25 years. In contrast, the highest proportions of presentations aged over 45 years were reported in centres in Mallorca, Dublin and Rozanno, Oslo and centres in Switzerland. This is consistent with an ageing cohort of high-risk drug users that has been reported for some years in the west of Europe (25,26).
Outcome
A minority of the presentations required admission to critical care*. This indicator is used as a proxy for severity, although it is potentially biased by the organisation of the services and potential variation in thresholds for critical care admission around Europe. Oslo (9 in 10) and Utrecht (4 in 10) are outliers, with higher proportions of presentations being hospitalised in critical care units than those in other centres. This difference is in part explained by the selection bias and the referral of the most severe presentations to these rather than to other local centres.
* ‘Admission to critical care’ covers both admissions to an intensive care unit (ICU — Level 3) and to a high-dependency unit (HDU — Level 2), as they are called in some countries. HDUs are wards for people who need more intensive observation, treatment and nursing care than is possible in a general ward but slightly less than that given in intensive care. In this series, depending on the local organisation of care, some patients will have been admitted to HDU (Level 2) — for example for intravenous naloxone infusion — rather than critical care (Level 3). In some centres, short-term (invasive) procedures (e.g. intubation, short-term administration of vasopressors) take place in the emergency department, while in other centres this is an indication of critical care.
** Oslo OAEOC does not have a critical care unit, and patients considered too sick for primary care management are transferred to other hospitals, including Oslo OUH
Limitations
There are both strengths and limitations affecting comparability, generalisability and interpretation, and these should be kept in mind when using these data (see the FAQ on drug-related hospital emergencies):
- Recording and reporting bias (inter-centre differences): The use of a common protocol ensures common practices across the participating centres. However, there might be various ways of recording and retrieving the data across hospitals as the source depends on local practices and capacities.
- Representativeness: A hospital within a city is not necessarily representative of the city as a whole, of the region or of the country. Local factors — such as proximity to high concentrations of night-time economy venues and levels of social deprivation — may impact the types of presentations seen in the sentinel centre. This is illustrated by the case mix differences in centres within the same city.
- Selection bias (pre-hospital management and inter-hospital referral procedures): The referral and triage procedure at a city level implies a different case mix (i.e. when a hospital is ‘Level 1’, or entry door to the emergency service, while another is ‘Level 2’ or ‘Level 3’, which might be accessible only to severe cases that are referred to this level). Most of the participating emergency services are based in hospitals for adults; therefore, they rarely or never see paediatric cases for acute drug toxicity. Other surveillance would be necessary to monitor the real burden and trends in acute drug toxicity among children and adolescents.
- Interpretation of polydrug use presentations: For most cases, more than one drug is reported. Thus, the impact of an individual drug in this context can be difficult to assess.
- Distortion (possible over-representation of high-risk severe cases who might present more repeatedly): The dataset includes presentations, not patients. It is likely to include repeat presentations in the same patient and, thus, the observations may not all be independent. No information is collected to flag and count whether a person has presented in the past.
- Limited statistical power (in some centres): Numbers of cases are small in some hospitals, and some hospitals have reported over a short period of time only. Therefore, interpretation of percentages, interpretation of changes and comparisons over time and across centres should be made cautiously. A small number of sizable centres collect a large part of the total dataset, and this should be kept in mind when interpreting the overall data. In this respect, local analysis can be more informative than global analysis.
- Access to emergency settings: The proportion of acute drug toxicity presentations over the total number of emergency presentations depends on the denominator of all emergency presentations. This number of presentations to the hospital and other emergency settings can be affected by factors conditioning access to the emergency department. This is not shown in this analysis but was described during the COVID-19 confinements (27,28).
- Limited information collected: Some drugs are reported as groups of drugs rather than individual drugs (e.g. ‘synthetic cannabinoids’ or ‘benzodiazepines’). More ad hoc and enhanced laboratory confirmation for some cases could be envisaged in the future to gain more specific insights into the drugs reported in these groups.
- Lack of additional information: There is no additional information on the drugs, such as route of administration, quantity taken or possible adulteration, nor on the person, such as history of use, drug treatment, place and circumstances of the acute toxicity episode, pre-hospital care or previous medical history.
- Lack of toxicological analysis: One important limitation is that data on the drug(s) involved in the presentations are based largely on patient reports combined with the impression of the treating clinician. If laboratory toxicological analysis is performed as part of routine clinical care, these data are collected. Only a minority of Euro-DEN Plus presentations have data on toxicological analysis reported. This might affect, in particular, the completeness of the data related to relatively rare drugs, and those in which there is reported variation in drug content, such as NPS (29,30). However, a high level of agreement was found between self-reported and analytically confirmed substances among the most commonly reported drugs (including heroin and cocaine in particular) in a previous Euro-DEN Plus study (31).
The study highlights the differences between centres, which are explained in part by the different social and demographic characteristics of the people who are using drugs, drug use patterns and settings (e.g. nightlife areas compared with more deprived suburbs), and the local drug market (including availability and potency of illicit drugs, and prescribed medicines). This monitoring underlines the value of the local data, but also the need to avoid generalisation beyond the hospital, the city, and especially the country.
In 2020 and 2021, any comparison with previous years and between centres should take into consideration the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drug availability and drug-using habits have been impacted by the pandemic, which, in turn, has impacted the nature and number of acute drug toxicity presentations. Further, the general access to hospital emergency services was disrupted and might have prevented some patients from presenting to hospital, even if they would have come to hospital under normal circumstances.
New developments and the future
The Euro-DEN Plus sentinel-based network has established itself as an important tool for monitoring acute drug-related harms, including those related to NPS, ‘established drugs’, and, in the context of polydrug use, alcohol and prescription medicines.
The data from the network can contribute to city-level monitoring, along with other indicators, including ESCAPE (monitoring of syringe residues), TEDI (monitoring through drug checking services) and SCORE (monitoring of wastewater), all of which are supplementary and anchored in the national monitoring systems coordinated by the European Reitox network (25). The data can also cross-check and complete the data on acute drug toxicity presentations reported at national level in some countries. This is useful, as national routine data are known to largely underestimate the number of drug-related presentations to hospital emergency departments (29,32-34). Finally, other types of drug-related presentations could be monitored through Euro-DEN Plus or a similar network, including drug-related trauma, driving accidents, other drug-related violence, including homicide or drug-facilitated sexual assault, and acute drug toxicity with suicidal intent.
The network will continue to contribute to the European Drug Report (25) and to the European Drug Market Report, as well as answer ad hoc requests (including from national bodies) and risk assessments, and contribute to other outputs such as Trendspotters.
The Euro-DEN Plus network of sentinel hospitals has demonstrated its potential as a useful complement to established monitoring tools in the drugs area for providing important data on the public health implications of drug use in Europe. This sentinel network also has the potential to provide timely information on geographical and temporal trends. Its ability to rapidly detect new trends and to inform on demographics and patterns of use can help to target local or national public health programmes and policy initiatives for specific groups of people and in specific settings and cities.
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20. EMCDDA. New benzodiazepines in Europe – a review. Luxembourg; 2021.
21. Miro O, Galicia M, Dargan P, Dines AM, Giraudon I, Heyerdahl F, et al. Intoxication by gamma-hydroxybutyrate and related analogues: Clinical characteristics and comparison between pure intoxication and that combined with other substances of abuse. Toxicol Lett. 2017;277:84-91.
22. Crulli B, Dines AM, Blanco G, Giraudon I, Eyer F, Liechti ME, et al. Novel psychoactive substances-related presentations to the emergency departments of the European drug emergencies network plus (Euro-DEN Plus) over the six-year period 2014-2019. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2022;60(12):1318-27.
23. EMCDDA. Recreational use of nitrous oxide — a growing concern for Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2022.
24. Miro O, Waring WS, Dargan PI, Wood DM, Dines AM, Yates C, et al. Variation of drugs involved in acute drug toxicity presentations based on age and sex: an epidemiological approach based on European emergency departments. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2021;59(10):896-904.
25. EMCDDA. European Drug Report 2023: trends and developments. Luxembourg; 2023
26. EMCDDA. Frequently asked questions (FAQ): drug overdose deaths in Europe Lisbon 2022 [updated 30/08/2022.
27. EMCDDA. Impact of COVID-19 on drug markets, use, harms and drug services in the community and prisons. Lisbon; 2021 04/2021.
28. Hondebrink L, Zammit M, Hogberg LCG, Hermanns-Clausen M, Lonati D, Faber K, et al. Effect of the first wave of COVID-19 on Poison Control Centre activities in 21 European countries: an EAPCCT initiative. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2022;60(10):1145-55.
29. Heyerdahl F, Hovda KE, Giraudon I, Yates C, Dines AM, Sedefov R, et al. Current European data collection on emergency department presentations with acute recreational drug toxicity: gaps and national variations. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52(10):1005-12.
30. Wood DM, Heyerdahl F, Yates CB, Dines AM, Giraudon I, Hovda KE, et al. The European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52(4):239-41.
31. Liakoni E, Yates C, Dines AM, Dargan PI, Heyerdahl F, Hovda KE, et al. Acute recreational drug toxicity: Comparison of self-reports and results of immunoassay and additional analytical methods in a multicenter European case series. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(5):e9784.
32. Shah AD, Wood DM, Dargan PI. Survey of ICD-10 coding of hospital admissions in the UK due to recreational drug toxicity. QJM. 2011;104(9):779-84.
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Recommended citation
Recommended citation: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (January 2024), European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN Plus): data and analysis, https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/data-factsheet/european-drug-…
Source data
Click on the 'Show source tables' button below to access all of the data used to generate the data explorer on this page.
In addition to the data below, a yearly snapshot of data from this Euro-DEN plus project is published as part of the Statistical Bulletin. This also includes further methodological notes. Please see the Hospital emergencies data set in the Statistical Bulletin 2023.
Show source tables
Jump to a table:
Table 1. Euro-DEN Plus drug-related emergencies main data table
Country |
City |
Hospital |
Year |
All presentations |
Age: <25 years (%) |
Age: >45 years (%) |
Female (%) |
Severity: Admitted to intensive care unit (more severe) (%) |
Cannabis (%) |
Heroin (%) |
Amphetamine (%) |
MDMA (%) |
Methamphetamine (%) |
Cocaine (%) |
GHB/GBL (%) |
Alcohol (% recorded) |
Alcohol (% reporting co-ingestion) |
Any benzodiazepine (%) |
Pregabalin (%) |
Methadone (%) |
Any NPS (%) |
1st other drug: name |
1st other drug: % |
2nd other drug: name |
2nd other drug: % |
3rd other drug: name |
3rd other drug: % |
4th other drug: name |
4th other drug: % |
5th other drug: name |
5th other drug: % |
Albania |
Tirana |
Tirana |
2022 |
165 |
26.7 |
4.2 |
17 |
3 |
20 |
11.5 |
0 |
1.2 |
0 |
64.8 |
0 |
81.2 |
64.2 |
9.1 |
0 |
4.8 |
0 |
Ketamine |
1.8 |
Ssri (not known) |
1.8 |
Antidepressant (not known) |
1.2 |
Crack |
1.2 |
Diazepam |
1.2 |
Albania |
Tirana |
Tirana |
2021 |
226 |
30.1 |
3.1 |
15.9 |
8 |
27 |
20.8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
48.7 |
2.7 |
73.5 |
85.5 |
10.6 |
0 |
5.8 |
0 |
Crack |
10.2 |
Ketamine |
0.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Algeria |
Bab El Oued |
Bab El Oued |
2022 |
44 |
50 |
0 |
22.7 |
4.5 |
36.4 |
9.1 |
0 |
22.7 |
0 |
2.3 |
0 |
100 |
6.8 |
34.1 |
52.3 |
0 |
0 |
Carbamazepine |
13.6 |
Amitriptyline |
9.1 |
Clonazepam |
9.1 |
Clorazepate |
4.5 |
Haloperidol |
4.5 |
Algeria |
Bab El Oued |
Bab El Oued |
2021 |
130 |
52.3 |
1.5 |
23.1 |
12.3 |
13.1 |
4.6 |
0 |
10.8 |
0 |
3.8 |
0 |
98.5 |
2.3 |
36.2 |
49.2 |
0 |
0 |
Clonazepam |
17.7 |
Tramadol |
10 |
Amitriptyline |
7.7 |
Carbamazepine |
7.7 |
Prazepam |
5.4 |
Algeria |
Oran |
Oran |
2021 |
29 |
44.8 |
6.9 |
44.8 |
0 |
6.9 |
0 |
0 |
13.8 |
0 |
13.8 |
0 |
96.6 |
3.6 |
37.9 |
24.1 |
0 |
0 |
Bromazepam |
17.2 |
Amitriptyline |
10.3 |
Clonazepam |
10.3 |
Prazepam |
6.9 |
Risperidone |
6.9 |
Belgium |
Antwerp |
Antwerp |
2022 |
329 |
26.2 |
13.2 |
16.7 |
7 |
23.4 |
4 |
14 |
8.2 |
3 |
43.5 |
12.8 |
80.2 |
52.3 |
11.2 |
1.5 |
3 |
3.6 |
Ketamine |
5.2 |
Crack |
3.6 |
Bromazepam |
2.4 |
Clonazepam |
1.8 |
Nitrous oxide |
1.5 |
Belgium |
Antwerp |
Antwerp |
2021 |
670 |
22.1 |
14.9 |
23 |
4.8 |
31.8 |
5.5 |
8.5 |
4.5 |
0.7 |
36.6 |
4.6 |
100 |
42.7 |
13.3 |
1.8 |
2.2 |
2.5 |
Ketamine |
3.7 |
Diazepam |
3.3 |
Nitrous oxide |
3 |
Bromazepam |
2.8 |
3MMC |
2.1 |
Belgium |
Antwerp |
Antwerp |
2020 |
591 |
17.8 |
11.9 |
19.8 |
7.1 |
24.9 |
5.8 |
14 |
5.1 |
1.2 |
28.3 |
8.1 |
99.5 |
43 |
9.3 |
0.3 |
1.4 |
2.7 |
Ketamine |
3.2 |
Nitrous oxide |
3.2 |
3MMC |
2.2 |
Diazepam |
2 |
Tramadol |
1.4 |
Belgium |
Antwerp |
Antwerp |
2019 |
654 |
24.3 |
12.4 |
20.5 |
5.8 |
26 |
7.3 |
12.8 |
10.7 |
0.9 |
36.4 |
9 |
100 |
50 |
10.6 |
0.2 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
Ketamine |
5.4 |
Nitrous oxide |
3.8 |
Bromazepam |
1.8 |
Tramadol |
1.7 |
LSD |
1.4 |
Belgium |
Antwerp |
Antwerp |
2018 |
592 |
23.3 |
12.3 |
21.6 |
5.9 |
27.4 |
6.8 |
14.9 |
9.3 |
1 |
35 |
8.3 |
97.3 |
48.4 |
14.4 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Ketamine |
2.7 |
Bromazepam |
1.7 |
Diazepam |
1.5 |
Tramadol |
1.5 |
LSD |
1.2 |
Belgium |
Antwerp |
Antwerp |
2017 |
500 |
24 |
10 |
22.6 |
4.4 |
22.2 |
7.4 |
13.8 |
10.6 |
0.2 |
31.4 |
8.4 |
98.8 |
51.4 |
7 |
0 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
Ketamine |
3.2 |
Bromazepam |
2 |
Poppers |
1.8 |
Diazepam |
1.4 |
LSD |
1.4 |
Belgium |
Ghent |
Ghent |
2022 |
48 |
33.3 |
8.3 |
25 |
0 |
16.7 |
2.1 |
14.6 |
12.5 |
8.3 |
37.5 |
6.2 |
100 |
62.5 |
12.5 |
2.1 |
4.2 |
12.5 |
Ketamine |
20.8 |
Mephedrone |
6.2 |
ALPHA-PVP |
4.2 |
Alprazolam |
4.2 |
3-HO-PCP |
2.1 |
Belgium |
Ghent |
Ghent |
2021 |
68 |
25 |
5.9 |
22.1 |
2.9 |
26.5 |
2.9 |
20.6 |
10.3 |
1.5 |
29.4 |
11.8 |
100 |
36.8 |
11.8 |
0 |
1.5 |
14.7 |
Mephedrone |
7.4 |
Diazepam |
5.9 |
Ketamine |
5.9 |
Bromazepam |
4.4 |
Zolpidem |
4.4 |
Belgium |
Ghent |
Ghent |
2020 |
126 |
27.8 |
11.1 |
21.4 |
7.1 |
23.8 |
7.9 |
24.6 |
7.9 |
2.4 |
22.2 |
7.1 |
100 |
48.4 |
19 |
0 |
4 |
2.4 |
Alprazolam |
6.3 |
Diazepam |
6.3 |
Stimulant (not known) |
5.6 |
Ketamine |
3.2 |
Lorazepam |
2.4 |
Belgium |
Ghent |
Ghent |
2019 |
202 |
39.6 |
6.9 |
22.8 |
6.4 |
29.7 |
6.4 |
18.3 |
10.9 |
3.5 |
27.7 |
5.4 |
100 |
55.4 |
7.4 |
0 |
3 |
5.9 |
Ketamine |
10.4 |
Stimulant (not known) |
4 |
LSD |
2.5 |
Mephedrone |
2 |
2CB |
1 |
Belgium |
Ghent |
Ghent |
2018 |
127 |
37.8 |
11.8 |
19.7 |
3.1 |
21.3 |
8.7 |
19.7 |
6.3 |
3.1 |
34.6 |
8.7 |
98.4 |
64 |
15 |
0 |
1.6 |
4.7 |
Ketamine |
7.9 |
LSD |
3.9 |
Alprazolam |
2.4 |
Diazepam |
2.4 |
2CB |
1.6 |
Belgium |
Ghent |
Ghent |
2017 |
113 |
32.7 |
10.6 |
31 |
6.2 |
38.1 |
4.4 |
23 |
13.3 |
3.5 |
32.7 |
14.2 |
99.1 |
44.6 |
12.4 |
0 |
7.1 |
0.9 |
Ketamine |
4.4 |
Clorazepate |
2.7 |
Trazodone |
2.7 |
LSD |
1.8 |
Paracetamol |
1.8 |
Bulgaria |
Sofia |
Sofia |
2022 |
35 |
62.9 |
0 |
40 |
0 |
54.3 |
5.7 |
31.4 |
0 |
25.7 |
11.4 |
2.9 |
100 |
20 |
8.6 |
0 |
22.9 |
0 |
LSD |
5.7 |
Amitriptyline |
2.9 |
Ketamine |
2.9 |
|
|
|
|
Bulgaria |
Sofia |
Sofia |
2021 |
30 |
36.7 |
13.3 |
26.7 |
0 |
23.3 |
16.7 |
26.7 |
0 |
6.7 |
33.3 |
0 |
100 |
26.7 |
10 |
0 |
16.7 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
3.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bulgaria |
Sofia |
Sofia |
2020 |
45 |
31.1 |
2.2 |
26.7 |
0 |
37.8 |
6.7 |
31.1 |
4.4 |
13.3 |
20 |
0 |
100 |
40 |
4.4 |
0 |
15.6 |
2.2 |
Clonazepam |
2.2 |
Diazepam |
2.2 |
Tfmpp |
2.2 |
|
|
|
|
Bulgaria |
Sofia |
Sofia |
2019 |
72 |
51.4 |
1.4 |
30.6 |
0 |
44.4 |
6.9 |
25 |
5.6 |
2.8 |
16.7 |
0 |
100 |
23.6 |
9.7 |
0 |
15.3 |
0 |
Clonazepam |
6.9 |
LSD |
4.2 |
Clozapine |
2.8 |
Alprazolam |
1.4 |
Antidepressant (not known) |
1.4 |
Bulgaria |
Sofia |
Sofia |
2018 |
80 |
53.8 |
0 |
26.2 |
0 |
42.5 |
12.5 |
38.8 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
12.5 |
0 |
100 |
31.2 |
5 |
0 |
7.5 |
0 |
Diazepam |
2.5 |
Ayahuasca |
1.2 |
Biperiden |
1.2 |
Codeine |
1.2 |
Phencyclidine |
1.2 |
Bulgaria |
Sofia |
Sofia |
2017 |
87 |
52.9 |
2.3 |
39.1 |
0 |
51.7 |
10.3 |
25.3 |
2.3 |
3.4 |
14.9 |
0 |
100 |
23 |
2.3 |
0 |
9.2 |
0 |
Diazepam |
2.3 |
LSD |
1.1 |
Melatonin |
1.1 |
Oxycodone |
1.1 |
Zopiclone |
1.1 |
Bulgaria |
Sofia |
Sofia |
2016 |
49 |
53.1 |
0 |
34.7 |
0 |
38.8 |
16.3 |
26.5 |
4.1 |
6.1 |
16.3 |
0 |
98 |
33.3 |
4.1 |
0 |
6.1 |
0 |
Biperiden |
4.1 |
Caffeine |
2 |
Clonazepam |
2 |
Clonidine |
2 |
Diazepam |
2 |
Cyprus |
Nicosia |
Nicosia |
2022 |
7 |
42.9 |
0 |
14.3 |
0 |
71.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
28.6 |
42.9 |
0 |
100 |
42.9 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cyprus |
Nicosia |
Nicosia |
2021 |
8 |
25 |
0 |
25 |
0 |
25 |
0 |
12.5 |
0 |
25 |
50 |
0 |
100 |
12.5 |
0 |
0 |
12.5 |
0 |
Crack |
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Czech Republic |
Prague |
Prague |
2018 |
18 |
16.7 |
16.7 |
22.2 |
0 |
27.8 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
0 |
16.7 |
0 |
16.7 |
100 |
50 |
11.1 |
0 |
11.1 |
5.6 |
Stimulant (not known) |
16.7 |
4CMC |
5.6 |
5F-MDMB-2201 |
5.6 |
Baclofen |
5.6 |
Buprenorphine |
5.6 |
Czech Republic |
Prague |
Prague |
2017 |
26 |
30.8 |
7.7 |
50 |
0 |
19.2 |
3.8 |
11.5 |
23.1 |
15.4 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
100 |
84.6 |
38.5 |
0 |
0 |
3.8 |
Alprazolam |
11.5 |
Clonazepam |
11.5 |
Dextromethorphan |
3.8 |
Quetiapine |
3.8 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
3.8 |
Czech Republic |
Prague |
Prague |
2016 |
26 |
7.7 |
26.9 |
38.5 |
30.8 |
19.2 |
3.8 |
0 |
7.7 |
23.1 |
0 |
11.5 |
100 |
73.1 |
53.8 |
0 |
3.8 |
7.7 |
Alprazolam |
19.2 |
Clonazepam |
15.4 |
Diazepam |
15.4 |
3-MEO-PCP |
3.8 |
Bromazepam |
3.8 |
Denmark |
Copenhagen |
Copenhagen |
2014 |
155 |
46.5 |
9 |
30.3 |
9 |
32.9 |
5.2 |
9.7 |
13.5 |
0 |
25.2 |
9 |
74.8 |
73.3 |
7.1 |
1.9 |
9 |
3.2 |
LSD |
5.2 |
Ketamine |
3.2 |
Zopiclone |
3.2 |
Morphine |
1.9 |
Oxazepam |
1.9 |
Denmark |
Copenhagen |
Copenhagen |
2013 |
47 |
48.9 |
8.5 |
27.7 |
4.3 |
21.3 |
4.3 |
6.4 |
19.1 |
0 |
42.6 |
6.4 |
85.1 |
45 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
14.9 |
2.1 |
Ketamine |
6.4 |
Methylphenidate |
6.4 |
Clonazepam |
2.1 |
Khat |
2.1 |
LSD |
2.1 |
Denmark |
Roskilde |
Roskilde |
2016 |
66 |
57.6 |
9.1 |
36.4 |
12.1 |
24.2 |
3 |
27.3 |
9.1 |
0 |
34.8 |
15.2 |
68.2 |
66.7 |
18.2 |
0 |
4.5 |
0 |
Quetiapine |
7.6 |
LSD |
6.1 |
Diazepam |
4.5 |
Morphine |
4.5 |
Chlorprothixene |
3 |
Denmark |
Roskilde |
Roskilde |
2015 |
89 |
55.1 |
10.1 |
19.1 |
11.2 |
22.5 |
2.2 |
18 |
18 |
3.4 |
38.2 |
15.7 |
69.7 |
72.6 |
12.4 |
0 |
13.5 |
1.1 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
5.6 |
Chlorprothixene |
4.5 |
Clonazepam |
3.4 |
LSD |
3.4 |
Methylphenidate |
3.4 |
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2022 |
14 |
71.4 |
0 |
57.1 |
0 |
7.1 |
0 |
28.6 |
7.1 |
7.1 |
21.4 |
57.1 |
85.7 |
58.3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) |
7.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2021 |
18 |
50 |
0 |
44.4 |
11.1 |
16.7 |
0 |
38.9 |
27.8 |
38.9 |
11.1 |
5.6 |
83.3 |
40 |
33.3 |
0 |
5.6 |
0 |
LSD |
16.7 |
Phencyclidine |
5.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2020 |
14 |
21.4 |
14.3 |
21.4 |
28.6 |
14.3 |
0 |
35.7 |
0 |
28.6 |
21.4 |
0 |
85.7 |
58.3 |
28.6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) |
14.3 |
Alprazolam |
7.1 |
Levomepromazine |
7.1 |
|
|
|
|
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2019 |
18 |
44.4 |
5.6 |
27.8 |
22.2 |
22.2 |
0 |
22.2 |
5.6 |
16.7 |
0 |
0 |
72.2 |
46.2 |
33.3 |
5.6 |
16.7 |
0 |
Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) |
11.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2018 |
24 |
37.5 |
4.2 |
58.3 |
29.2 |
8.3 |
0 |
20.8 |
4.2 |
8.3 |
25 |
25 |
87.5 |
47.6 |
29.2 |
0 |
4.2 |
0 |
Phencyclidine |
8.3 |
Alprazolam |
4.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2017 |
25 |
72 |
0 |
60 |
4 |
32 |
0 |
36 |
32 |
36 |
4 |
16 |
88 |
77.3 |
20 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) |
16 |
Alprazolam |
8 |
Barbiturate (not known) |
4 |
Buprenorphine |
4 |
|
|
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2016 |
28 |
50 |
3.6 |
42.9 |
3.6 |
10.7 |
0 |
14.3 |
21.4 |
21.4 |
10.7 |
0 |
71.4 |
70 |
35.7 |
0 |
10.7 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
17.9 |
Antidepressant (not known) |
3.6 |
Fluoxetine |
3.6 |
Gabapentin |
3.6 |
Oxcarbamazepine |
3.6 |
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2015 |
31 |
32.3 |
9.7 |
54.8 |
3.2 |
19.4 |
0 |
9.7 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
6.5 |
12.9 |
77.4 |
54.2 |
38.7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Quetiapine |
6.5 |
Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) |
6.5 |
Alprazolam |
3.2 |
Mirtazapine |
3.2 |
Mushroom (not known) |
3.2 |
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2014 |
13 |
30.8 |
15.4 |
53.8 |
0 |
7.7 |
0 |
7.7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
84.6 |
63.6 |
53.8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
23.1 |
Escitalopram |
15.4 |
Diazepam |
7.7 |
Levodopa |
7.7 |
Oxazepam |
7.7 |
Estonia |
Parnu |
Parnu |
2013 |
6 |
50 |
16.7 |
16.7 |
16.7 |
33.3 |
0 |
16.7 |
0 |
0 |
16.7 |
16.7 |
66.7 |
75 |
16.7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Chlorprothixene |
16.7 |
Zolpidem |
16.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonia |
Tallinn |
Tallinn |
2020 |
77 |
32.5 |
10.4 |
23.4 |
7.8 |
33.8 |
0 |
36.4 |
16.9 |
26 |
15.6 |
15.6 |
87 |
37.3 |
23.4 |
0 |
10.4 |
0 |
Fentanyl |
9.1 |
Alprazolam |
2.6 |
LSD |
2.6 |
Clonazepam |
1.3 |
Melperone |
1.3 |
Estonia |
Tallinn |
Tallinn |
2019 |
65 |
23.1 |
7.7 |
27.7 |
15.4 |
24.6 |
0 |
35.4 |
26.2 |
21.5 |
27.7 |
9.2 |
92.3 |
26.7 |
12.3 |
1.5 |
7.7 |
0 |
Fentanyl |
7.7 |
LSD |
3.1 |
Oxycodone |
3.1 |
Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) |
3.1 |
Alprazolam |
1.5 |
Estonia |
Tallinn |
Tallinn |
2018 |
61 |
31.1 |
1.6 |
18 |
8.2 |
24.6 |
0 |
39.3 |
16.4 |
26.2 |
18 |
18 |
83.6 |
41.2 |
14.8 |
0 |
4.9 |
1.6 |
Fentanyl |
16.4 |
LSD |
8.2 |
Quetiapine |
3.3 |
Nbome (not known) |
1.6 |
|
|
Estonia |
Tallinn |
Tallinn |
2017 |
113 |
29.5 |
8 |
27.4 |
10.6 |
16.8 |
0.9 |
31 |
9.7 |
8.8 |
11.5 |
34.5 |
89.4 |
45.5 |
19.5 |
0 |
4.4 |
0 |
Fentanyl |
21.2 |
Barbiturate (not known) |
1.8 |
Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) |
1.8 |
LSD |
0.9 |
Quetiapine |
0.9 |
Estonia |
Tallinn |
Tallinn |
2016 |
97 |
25.8 |
5.2 |
20.6 |
7.2 |
25.8 |
0 |
26.8 |
11.3 |
10.3 |
13.4 |
29.9 |
88.7 |
31.4 |
22.7 |
0 |
7.2 |
0 |
Fentanyl |
27.8 |
LSD |
2.1 |
Barbiturate (not known) |
1 |
Quetiapine |
1 |
Tramadol |
1 |
Estonia |
Tallinn |
Tallinn |
2015 |
91 |
20 |
5.6 |
33 |
3.3 |
13.2 |
0 |
26.4 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
13.2 |
25.3 |
89 |
37 |
27.5 |
0 |
11 |
0 |
Fentanyl |
25.3 |
Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) |
6.6 |
Tramadol |
3.3 |
Alprazolam |
1.1 |
Barbiturate (not known) |
1.1 |
Estonia |
Tallinn |
Tallinn |
2014 |
115 |
29.6 |
6.1 |
22.6 |
0 |
25.2 |
0 |
15.7 |
5.2 |
6.1 |
12.2 |
11.3 |
87 |
34 |
24.3 |
0 |
9.6 |
0 |
Fentanyl |
22.6 |
Tricyclic antidepressant (not known) |
3.5 |
Zopiclone |
2.6 |
Alprazolam |
1.7 |
Escitalopram |
1.7 |
Estonia |
Tallinn |
Tallinn |
2013 |
14 |
35.7 |
0 |
14.3 |
14.3 |
28.6 |
0 |
35.7 |
0 |
28.6 |
7.1 |
14.3 |
71.4 |
30 |
21.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Fentanyl |
42.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Finland |
Helsinki |
Helsinki |
2017 |
253 |
33.6 |
4.7 |
26.5 |
0 |
6.7 |
0.8 |
15 |
2.4 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
43.5 |
79.4 |
53.7 |
24.5 |
9.1 |
1.6 |
3.2 |
Buprenorphine |
20.6 |
Alprazolam |
6.7 |
Clonazepam |
6.3 |
Quetiapine |
2.8 |
LSD |
2 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2022 |
317 |
20.2 |
10.4 |
27.4 |
8.8 |
38.8 |
2.8 |
0.9 |
15.8 |
2.8 |
18.9 |
12.9 |
90.5 |
41.5 |
24.6 |
1.6 |
6.9 |
6.3 |
Crack |
14.8 |
Morphine |
6.9 |
3MMC |
3.8 |
Buprenorphine |
3.2 |
Diazepam |
2.5 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2021 |
228 |
18.9 |
14.5 |
16.2 |
10.1 |
21.5 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
9.6 |
2.6 |
18.9 |
18.9 |
78.9 |
42.8 |
24.1 |
3.9 |
5.7 |
16.7 |
Crack |
18 |
3MMC |
14.5 |
Ketamine |
3.5 |
Buprenorphine |
2.2 |
Morphine |
2.2 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2020 |
251 |
28.7 |
14.3 |
17.9 |
8.4 |
27.9 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
8.8 |
1.6 |
16.3 |
12.7 |
90 |
39.4 |
24.7 |
5.2 |
8 |
9.2 |
Crack |
15.1 |
3MMC |
6.8 |
Buprenorphine |
4 |
Poppers |
3.6 |
Morphine |
3.2 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2019 |
297 |
27.7 |
14.9 |
20.5 |
8.1 |
20.2 |
2.7 |
3.7 |
17.2 |
4 |
19.2 |
14.1 |
82.5 |
42 |
17.5 |
2.4 |
10.4 |
7.7 |
Crack |
11.8 |
3MMC |
6.1 |
Morphine |
4 |
Buprenorphine |
3.4 |
Poppers |
3 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2018 |
351 |
23.4 |
7.4 |
25.9 |
8.3 |
21.1 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
19.7 |
1.4 |
20.5 |
13.4 |
82.1 |
50.3 |
11.4 |
0.6 |
10.8 |
6.3 |
Crack |
16.2 |
Morphine |
6.8 |
3MMC |
3.4 |
Poppers |
3.4 |
Buprenorphine |
3.1 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2017 |
273 |
20.1 |
10.3 |
25.3 |
9.2 |
30 |
4.8 |
2.9 |
18.7 |
1.5 |
25.6 |
5.5 |
90.1 |
47.6 |
15.4 |
0 |
8.4 |
3.3 |
Crack |
16.5 |
Morphine |
7.7 |
Buprenorphine |
5.5 |
Ketamine |
3.3 |
Poppers |
2.9 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2016 |
243 |
20.2 |
9.5 |
23 |
5.8 |
21.8 |
4.5 |
2.9 |
18.9 |
0 |
23.9 |
8.2 |
95.5 |
53 |
15.2 |
0 |
5.8 |
3.3 |
Crack |
15.2 |
Buprenorphine |
10.7 |
Morphine |
7 |
Poppers |
3.3 |
Bromazepam |
2.1 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2015 |
261 |
19.2 |
15.3 |
26.4 |
5.7 |
29.5 |
7.3 |
4.6 |
17.6 |
1.5 |
29.1 |
7.3 |
98.5 |
49.4 |
17.2 |
0 |
7.3 |
5.7 |
Crack |
11.9 |
Buprenorphine |
4.6 |
Morphine |
4.6 |
MDPV |
3.1 |
Bromazepam |
1.9 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2014 |
377 |
18.6 |
13.8 |
35.8 |
8.5 |
26.8 |
4.8 |
1.1 |
8 |
0 |
19.6 |
3.2 |
99.5 |
47.2 |
33.2 |
0 |
6.9 |
0.8 |
Crack |
11.9 |
Diazepam |
8 |
Bromazepam |
6.4 |
Buprenorphine |
6.4 |
Zopiclone |
5 |
France |
Paris |
Paris |
2013 |
155 |
25.8 |
26.5 |
41.9 |
5.8 |
13.5 |
3.9 |
1.3 |
3.2 |
0 |
16.8 |
4.5 |
97.4 |
43 |
31 |
0 |
1.3 |
0 |
Crack |
10.3 |
Diazepam |
9 |
Zolpidem |
5.8 |
Alprazolam |
5.2 |
Bromazepam |
5.2 |
Georgia |
Tblisi |
Tblisi |
2019 |
11 |
18.2 |
0 |
27.3 |
0 |
81.8 |
0 |
9.1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
63.6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
9.1 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
18.2 |
Baclofen |
9.1 |
Gabapentin |
9.1 |
NPS/legal high crystal |
9.1 |
|
|
Georgia |
Tblisi |
Tblisi |
2018 |
49 |
40.8 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
0 |
38.8 |
6.1 |
8.2 |
6.1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
42.9 |
2 |
0 |
4.1 |
26.5 |
Baclofen |
26.5 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
20.4 |
Gabapentin |
14.3 |
Mephedrone |
4.1 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
4.1 |
Georgia |
Tblisi |
Tblisi |
2017 |
8 |
50 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
25 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
37.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
25 |
Baclofen |
25 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2022 |
43 |
14 |
9.3 |
20.9 |
0 |
30.2 |
16.3 |
7 |
4.7 |
2.3 |
16.3 |
2.3 |
100 |
58.1 |
48.8 |
34.9 |
9.3 |
4.7 |
Levomethadone |
11.6 |
Dextromethorphan |
4.7 |
Fentanyl |
4.7 |
Quetiapine |
4.7 |
2,4-fluorophenylmethylpiperidine |
2.3 |
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2021 |
74 |
17.6 |
13.5 |
20.3 |
0 |
20.3 |
6.8 |
17.6 |
1.4 |
5.4 |
24.3 |
6.8 |
100 |
35.1 |
40.5 |
31.1 |
1.4 |
8.1 |
Levomethadone |
10.8 |
Alprazolam |
4.1 |
Buprenorphine |
4.1 |
Fentanyl |
4.1 |
Lorazepam |
4.1 |
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2020 |
125 |
20.8 |
10.4 |
28 |
0 |
19.2 |
3.2 |
12 |
2.4 |
0.8 |
15.2 |
2.4 |
100 |
44 |
44.8 |
32.8 |
4.8 |
14.4 |
Levomethadone |
12.8 |
Buprenorphine |
6.4 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
4.8 |
Methylphenidate |
4 |
Alprazolam |
2.4 |
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2019 |
130 |
25.4 |
12.3 |
29.2 |
0 |
11.5 |
5.4 |
10 |
3.1 |
2.3 |
13.8 |
3.1 |
100 |
46.2 |
35.4 |
32.3 |
4.6 |
18.5 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
13.8 |
Buprenorphine |
8.5 |
Levomethadone |
7.7 |
LSD |
3.8 |
Bupropion |
2.3 |
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2018 |
133 |
24.8 |
9 |
24.1 |
0 |
11.3 |
13.5 |
3.8 |
4.5 |
1.5 |
8.3 |
3.8 |
100 |
41.4 |
21.1 |
15.8 |
3 |
18.8 |
Buprenorphine |
15.8 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
9.8 |
Levomethadone |
4.5 |
Bupropion |
3.8 |
Diazepam |
3 |
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2017 |
113 |
18.6 |
10.6 |
22.1 |
0 |
10.6 |
6.2 |
10.6 |
2.7 |
7.1 |
7.1 |
1.8 |
100 |
46.9 |
24.8 |
22.1 |
8 |
16.8 |
Buprenorphine |
11.5 |
NPS/legal high bath salts |
8 |
Lorazepam |
6.2 |
Methylphenidate |
4.4 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
4.4 |
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2016 |
115 |
17.4 |
12.2 |
24.3 |
0 |
20 |
13 |
6.1 |
3.5 |
0 |
7 |
3.5 |
100 |
41.7 |
23.5 |
20 |
11.3 |
32.2 |
NPS/legal high bath salts |
16.5 |
Buprenorphine |
13.9 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
6.1 |
Fentanyl |
4.3 |
ALPHA-PVP |
3.5 |
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2015 |
152 |
22.4 |
6.6 |
30.9 |
0 |
30.9 |
16.4 |
15.8 |
5.9 |
0.7 |
11.8 |
2 |
100 |
30.9 |
41.4 |
28.3 |
16.4 |
33.6 |
Buprenorphine |
14.5 |
NPS/legal high bath salts |
9.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
9.2 |
Fentanyl |
4.6 |
MDPV |
3.3 |
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2014 |
213 |
18.8 |
5.6 |
32.9 |
1.4 |
30 |
15.5 |
17.8 |
5.2 |
1.9 |
12.7 |
6.1 |
100 |
38 |
41.3 |
27.2 |
23.5 |
24.4 |
Buprenorphine |
14.1 |
MDPV |
10.3 |
Fentanyl |
9.9 |
Tramadol |
5.2 |
3MMC |
4.2 |
Germany |
Munich |
Munich |
2013 |
49 |
24.5 |
2 |
32.7 |
0 |
34.7 |
18.4 |
28.6 |
4.1 |
2 |
12.2 |
6.1 |
93.9 |
41.3 |
38.8 |
12.2 |
34.7 |
10.2 |
MDPV |
10.2 |
Buprenorphine |
6.1 |
Dextromethorphan |
6.1 |
Fentanyl |
4.1 |
MDEA |
4.1 |
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2022 |
52 |
40.4 |
3.8 |
26.9 |
0 |
9.6 |
38.5 |
1.9 |
3.8 |
0 |
46.2 |
0 |
100 |
36.5 |
30.8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Diazepam |
15.4 |
Alprazolam |
9.6 |
Ketamine |
3.8 |
LSD |
1.9 |
Tramadol |
1.9 |
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2021 |
43 |
32.6 |
9.3 |
20.9 |
0 |
27.9 |
23.3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
44.2 |
0 |
93 |
50 |
18.6 |
2.3 |
9.3 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
7 |
Crack |
4.7 |
Diazepam |
4.7 |
Amitriptyline |
2.3 |
Codeine |
2.3 |
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2020 |
87 |
39.1 |
2.3 |
11.5 |
4.6 |
11.5 |
35.6 |
1.1 |
5.7 |
1.1 |
26.4 |
0 |
100 |
47.1 |
42.5 |
5.7 |
3.4 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
28.7 |
Diazepam |
6.9 |
Tramadol |
3.4 |
Zopiclone |
3.4 |
Gabapentin |
1.1 |
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2019 |
82 |
31.7 |
13.4 |
19.5 |
8.5 |
11 |
35.4 |
1.2 |
4.9 |
0 |
24.4 |
0 |
100 |
48.8 |
43.9 |
1.2 |
9.8 |
1.2 |
Alprazolam |
35.4 |
Diazepam |
7.3 |
Morphine |
3.7 |
Zopiclone |
3.7 |
LSD |
2.4 |
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2018 |
26 |
38.5 |
23.1 |
34.6 |
19.2 |
11.5 |
3.8 |
0 |
7.7 |
3.8 |
30.8 |
0 |
100 |
61.5 |
61.5 |
3.8 |
7.7 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
26.9 |
Baclofen |
7.7 |
Diazepam |
7.7 |
Gabapentin |
7.7 |
Morphine |
7.7 |
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2017 |
20 |
45 |
10 |
50 |
10 |
30 |
0 |
0 |
35 |
5 |
50 |
0 |
95 |
89.5 |
40 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Morphine |
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2016 |
24 |
43.5 |
4.3 |
29.2 |
4.2 |
33.3 |
12.5 |
0 |
29.2 |
8.3 |
37.5 |
0 |
95.8 |
87 |
41.7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Diazepam |
4.2 |
Fluoxetine |
4.2 |
Morphine |
4.2 |
St john's wort |
4.2 |
|
|
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2015 |
11 |
18.2 |
0 |
27.3 |
18.2 |
27.3 |
54.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
27.3 |
0 |
36.4 |
50 |
45.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
36.4 |
Diazepam |
18.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2014 |
29 |
58.6 |
10.3 |
6.9 |
6.9 |
31 |
13.8 |
13.8 |
13.8 |
3.4 |
20.7 |
0 |
72.4 |
61.9 |
41.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
13.8 |
Chlordiazepoxide |
3.4 |
Clonazepam |
3.4 |
Escitalopram |
3.4 |
Flurazepam |
3.4 |
Ireland |
Drogheda |
Drogheda |
2013 |
13 |
38.5 |
7.7 |
15.4 |
0 |
38.5 |
0 |
0 |
23.1 |
7.7 |
23.1 |
0 |
100 |
84.6 |
61.5 |
0 |
7.7 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
23.1 |
Diazepam |
15.4 |
Flurazepam |
7.7 |
Sertraline |
7.7 |
Zopiclone |
7.7 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2022 |
565 |
17.5 |
24.5 |
20.7 |
2.8 |
9.9 |
20 |
0 |
3.5 |
1.8 |
30.6 |
8 |
43.7 |
66.4 |
28.1 |
5 |
13.3 |
0.5 |
Alprazolam |
18.6 |
Zopiclone |
6.2 |
Diazepam |
4.6 |
Ketamine |
4.1 |
Poppers |
0.9 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2021 |
588 |
16.8 |
20.9 |
26.7 |
2.4 |
11.2 |
18.7 |
0.3 |
1.7 |
2.6 |
23.3 |
5.4 |
65.1 |
56.1 |
31.5 |
7.3 |
10.7 |
0.2 |
Alprazolam |
17.3 |
Diazepam |
8.2 |
Zopiclone |
7.1 |
Crack |
5.4 |
Mirtazapine |
1.7 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2020 |
528 |
16.9 |
20.4 |
31.6 |
3.8 |
12.7 |
23.9 |
0.6 |
3.4 |
1.3 |
14.8 |
3.8 |
50 |
55.3 |
29.9 |
6.8 |
11.9 |
0.4 |
Alprazolam |
19.7 |
Zopiclone |
7.6 |
Diazepam |
6.2 |
Crack |
6.1 |
Ketamine |
2.8 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2019 |
511 |
21.1 |
11.4 |
32.7 |
2.7 |
14.1 |
31.1 |
0.6 |
6.5 |
2 |
20.4 |
4.1 |
56.9 |
55.3 |
26 |
4.9 |
9.8 |
0.8 |
Zopiclone |
11.9 |
Alprazolam |
10.8 |
Diazepam |
6.3 |
Crack |
3.5 |
Ketamine |
2.5 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2018 |
589 |
25.9 |
12.5 |
25.8 |
0.5 |
10.5 |
33.8 |
1.4 |
9 |
0.8 |
19.7 |
2.7 |
41.1 |
72.3 |
25.8 |
5.4 |
8 |
2.9 |
Alprazolam |
13.8 |
Zopiclone |
6.6 |
Diazepam |
2.9 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
2.2 |
Ketamine |
1.9 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2017 |
586 |
24 |
7.2 |
32.4 |
3.8 |
9.9 |
34 |
0.7 |
7 |
0.7 |
20.5 |
1.5 |
52.4 |
70 |
18.9 |
7.2 |
7.7 |
1.5 |
Zopiclone |
11.6 |
Alprazolam |
7.7 |
Diazepam |
4.9 |
Crack |
2.4 |
Ketamine |
2.2 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2016 |
436 |
23.5 |
7.6 |
28.4 |
1.1 |
10.3 |
33.9 |
0 |
8.7 |
0.7 |
18.8 |
1.1 |
57.6 |
63.3 |
22.9 |
7.8 |
9.9 |
7.3 |
Zopiclone |
12.8 |
Alprazolam |
8.9 |
Diazepam |
5.7 |
Mephedrone |
5.7 |
Flurazepam |
1.6 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2015 |
543 |
22 |
6.3 |
27.1 |
0.9 |
10.1 |
35 |
1.7 |
8.7 |
2 |
16.2 |
0.7 |
45.7 |
69.8 |
18.4 |
1.8 |
10.7 |
13.1 |
Zopiclone |
20.1 |
Mephedrone |
12 |
Diazepam |
9.4 |
Alprazolam |
2.2 |
Ketamine |
1.1 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2014 |
524 |
27.8 |
4.3 |
29.2 |
1.1 |
8.4 |
33.2 |
0.2 |
11.6 |
5.2 |
18.7 |
0.6 |
50.4 |
53.4 |
10.5 |
1.3 |
5.5 |
13.5 |
Mephedrone |
13 |
Zopiclone |
7.1 |
Diazepam |
4.8 |
Alprazolam |
2.1 |
Ketamine |
2.1 |
Ireland |
Dublin |
Dublin |
2013 |
135 |
34.6 |
3.8 |
19.3 |
0.7 |
17.8 |
33.3 |
0.7 |
11.9 |
0 |
17.8 |
0.7 |
42.2 |
68.4 |
8.1 |
0 |
3.7 |
9.6 |
Mephedrone |
8.9 |
Ketamine |
3.7 |
LSD |
3 |
Zopiclone |
2.2 |
Alprazolam |
1.5 |
Israel |
Haifa |
Haifa |
2021 |
60 |
18.6 |
39 |
30 |
5 |
13.3 |
3.3 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
5 |
0 |
90 |
16.7 |
6.7 |
3.3 |
5 |
0 |
Fentanyl |
5 |
Clonazepam |
3.3 |
Methylphenidate |
3.3 |
Paracetamol |
3.3 |
Antihistamine (not known) |
1.7 |
Italy |
Monza |
Monza |
2018 |
95 |
36.8 |
12.6 |
27.4 |
1.1 |
43.2 |
5.3 |
6.3 |
0 |
0 |
65.3 |
0 |
98.9 |
36.2 |
14.7 |
0 |
5.3 |
0 |
Amanita muscaria |
1.1 |
Ayahuasca |
1.1 |
Butalbital |
1.1 |
Oxolamine |
1.1 |
Propyphenazone |
1.1 |
Italy |
Monza |
Monza |
2017 |
113 |
36.3 |
15 |
21.2 |
0.9 |
49.6 |
9.7 |
2.7 |
0 |
1.8 |
54 |
0 |
97.3 |
36.4 |
23 |
0 |
2.7 |
0 |
Butalbital |
0.9 |
Caffeine |
0.9 |
Chlorpromazine |
0.9 |
LSD |
0.9 |
Morphine |
0.9 |
Italy |
Rozzano |
Rozzano |
2022 |
18 |
27.8 |
22.2 |
22.2 |
0 |
11.1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
55.6 |
0 |
83.3 |
53.3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
44.4 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
44.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Italy |
Rozzano |
Rozzano |
2021 |
26 |
38.5 |
26.9 |
15.4 |
3.8 |
30.8 |
0 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
7.7 |
34.6 |
0 |
88.5 |
52.2 |
11.5 |
0 |
0 |
23.1 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
19.2 |
Cathinone (not known) |
3.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Latvia |
Riga |
Riga |
2022 |
35 |
20 |
5.7 |
22.9 |
8.6 |
22.9 |
0 |
37.1 |
0 |
20 |
11.4 |
0 |
100 |
45.7 |
22.9 |
2.9 |
14.3 |
0 |
Propofol |
8.6 |
Fentanyl |
5.7 |
Thiopental |
5.7 |
Alprazolam |
2.9 |
Atropine |
2.9 |
Latvia |
Riga |
Riga |
2021 |
41 |
9.8 |
14.6 |
22 |
0 |
14.6 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
26.8 |
17.1 |
0 |
100 |
26.8 |
26.8 |
0 |
14.6 |
0 |
Tramadol |
9.8 |
Clozapine |
7.3 |
Clonazepam |
4.9 |
Diphenhydramine |
4.9 |
Ketamine |
4.9 |
Latvia |
Riga |
Riga |
2020 |
56 |
25 |
5.4 |
25 |
0 |
32.1 |
1.8 |
7.1 |
5.4 |
17.9 |
5.4 |
0 |
100 |
28.6 |
26.8 |
1.8 |
10.7 |
8.9 |
Propofol |
7.1 |
Trihexyphenidyl |
7.1 |
Carbamazepine |
5.4 |
Diphenhydramine |
5.4 |
Amitriptyline |
3.6 |
Latvia |
Riga |
Riga |
2019 |
43 |
30.2 |
7 |
16.3 |
0 |
18.6 |
2.3 |
7 |
16.3 |
7 |
2.3 |
0 |
100 |
41.9 |
25.6 |
0 |
25.6 |
0 |
Tramadol |
20.9 |
Clozapine |
11.6 |
Alprazolam |
7 |
Diphenhydramine |
4.7 |
Lorazepam |
4.7 |
Latvia |
Riga |
Riga |
2018 |
51 |
15.7 |
5.9 |
15.7 |
0 |
21.6 |
11.8 |
2 |
3.9 |
13.7 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
100 |
58.8 |
17.6 |
0 |
11.8 |
2 |
Tramadol |
7.8 |
Clonazepam |
5.9 |
Diphenhydramine |
5.9 |
Barbiturate (not known) |
2 |
Crack |
2 |
Latvia |
Riga |
Riga |
2017 |
81 |
19.8 |
4.9 |
11.1 |
0 |
16 |
11.1 |
8.6 |
1.2 |
6.2 |
6.2 |
2.5 |
100 |
56.8 |
12.3 |
0 |
9.9 |
3.7 |
Fentanyl |
6.2 |
Carbamazepine |
4.9 |
Tramadol |
4.9 |
Diazepam |
3.7 |
Morphine |
3.7 |
Lebanon |
Beirut |
Beirut |
2021 |
5 |
25 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
40 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
40 |
20 |
100 |
40 |
20 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Clonazepam |
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lithuania |
Kaunus |
Kaunus |
2017 |
164 |
22.1 |
16.6 |
20.7 |
0.6 |
7.9 |
7.3 |
3 |
3 |
0.6 |
1.8 |
0 |
95.1 |
44.2 |
17.7 |
0 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
32.3 |
Clonazepam |
3.7 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
3.7 |
Alprazolam |
3 |
Bromazepam |
3 |
Lithuania |
Vilnius |
Vilnius |
2022 |
118 |
31.4 |
7.6 |
16.9 |
5.9 |
22 |
0.8 |
16.9 |
2.5 |
1.7 |
6.8 |
0 |
90.7 |
64.5 |
0 |
0.8 |
3.4 |
9.3 |
Fentanyl |
21.2 |
LSD |
3.4 |
NPS/legal high crystal |
2.5 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
2.5 |
Carfentanyl |
1.7 |
Lithuania |
Vilnius |
Vilnius |
2021 |
142 |
23.2 |
4.9 |
13.4 |
4.2 |
25.4 |
4.9 |
13.4 |
2.8 |
0.7 |
6.3 |
0 |
89.4 |
48 |
1.4 |
0 |
2.1 |
7 |
Fentanyl |
15.5 |
Stimulant (not known) |
6.3 |
LSD |
2.8 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
2.8 |
Alprazolam |
1.4 |
Lithuania |
Vilnius |
Vilnius |
2020 |
94 |
37.2 |
6.4 |
18.1 |
3.2 |
30.9 |
5.3 |
13.8 |
4.3 |
0 |
7.4 |
0 |
90.4 |
42.4 |
6.4 |
0 |
3.2 |
2.1 |
Fentanyl |
9.6 |
LSD |
3.2 |
Bromazepam |
2.1 |
Caffeine |
2.1 |
Alprazolam |
1.1 |
Lithuania |
Vilnius |
Vilnius |
2019 |
112 |
33 |
4.5 |
17.9 |
13.4 |
20.5 |
8 |
14.3 |
10.7 |
2.7 |
6.2 |
0.9 |
92.9 |
50 |
4.5 |
1.8 |
4.5 |
5.4 |
Fentanyl |
11.6 |
Stimulant (not known) |
3.6 |
LSD |
2.7 |
Psilocybe mushroom |
2.7 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
2.7 |
Lithuania |
Vilnius |
Vilnius |
2018 |
135 |
28.4 |
4.5 |
19.3 |
11.9 |
14.8 |
22.2 |
8.1 |
6.7 |
2.2 |
11.1 |
3.7 |
86.7 |
44.4 |
5.2 |
0 |
3.7 |
8.9 |
Fentanyl |
7.4 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
3.7 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
3.7 |
Clonazepam |
3 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
3 |
Lithuania |
Vilnius |
Vilnius |
2017 |
203 |
19.8 |
6.4 |
17.7 |
5.4 |
15.3 |
48.3 |
9.4 |
0.5 |
3 |
4.4 |
1.5 |
74.9 |
56.6 |
10.3 |
0 |
3.9 |
7.9 |
Clonazepam |
4.9 |
Diazepam |
3.9 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
3 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
2.5 |
Alprazolam |
2 |
Malta |
Msida |
Msida |
2022 |
1134 |
26.9 |
13.4 |
19.7 |
1.2 |
48.4 |
13.9 |
0.3 |
3.5 |
0 |
40.8 |
0.3 |
99.7 |
29 |
2.9 |
0 |
0.1 |
13.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
12 |
Crack |
7.5 |
Diazepam |
1.1 |
AB-PINACA |
1 |
Ketamine |
1 |
Malta |
Msida |
Msida |
2021 |
568 |
26.3 |
13.4 |
21 |
0.7 |
32.2 |
19.4 |
0.5 |
4.8 |
0.2 |
46.3 |
0.2 |
100 |
32.4 |
7.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
19.5 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
16.5 |
Crack |
10.4 |
Lorazepam |
2.5 |
Quetiapine |
2.3 |
Alprazolam |
1.6 |
Malta |
Msida |
Msida |
2020 |
579 |
22.1 |
9.7 |
20 |
1.6 |
34.5 |
18.1 |
0.7 |
6 |
0.5 |
53.2 |
0.7 |
100 |
30.6 |
8.3 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
10.9 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
10.7 |
Crack |
5 |
Diazepam |
2.4 |
Clonazepam |
2.2 |
Quetiapine |
2.2 |
Malta |
Msida |
Msida |
2019 |
563 |
25.4 |
7.7 |
25.4 |
3 |
28.4 |
17.4 |
0.4 |
9.8 |
0.2 |
48.7 |
0.4 |
100 |
25.9 |
6.7 |
0 |
1.1 |
19.9 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
17.4 |
Crack |
3.4 |
Diazepam |
3.2 |
Quetiapine |
2.1 |
Ketamine |
1.8 |
Malta |
Msida |
Msida |
2018 |
490 |
30.4 |
9.4 |
20.6 |
2.7 |
23.7 |
20.2 |
0 |
6.5 |
0.2 |
47.3 |
0 |
100 |
25.5 |
3.7 |
0 |
0.8 |
27.3 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
26.7 |
Clonazepam |
2.2 |
Quetiapine |
2.2 |
LSD |
1.6 |
Ketamine |
1.4 |
Malta |
Msida |
Msida |
2017 |
369 |
23.8 |
12.7 |
21.7 |
1.9 |
27.9 |
25.2 |
0.5 |
4.6 |
0 |
45 |
0.3 |
99.7 |
29.9 |
3 |
0 |
0.3 |
24.9 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
24.1 |
Diazepam |
2.2 |
Quetiapine |
1.6 |
LSD |
0.8 |
Paroxetine |
0.8 |
Malta |
Msida |
Msida |
2016 |
218 |
30 |
11.5 |
18.3 |
4.1 |
19.3 |
27.5 |
1.4 |
11.9 |
0 |
50.5 |
1.4 |
95.9 |
36.4 |
3.7 |
0 |
1.4 |
19.3 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
17.9 |
Ketamine |
2.8 |
LSD |
1.8 |
Clonazepam |
1.4 |
Diazepam |
1.4 |
Netherlands |
Amsterdam |
Amsterdam |
2022 |
670 |
27.9 |
14.8 |
24.6 |
0 |
35.2 |
2.1 |
6.3 |
12.4 |
1.2 |
20.3 |
19.7 |
100 |
36 |
0.4 |
0 |
0.3 |
6 |
Ketamine |
7.2 |
Nitrous oxide |
3.1 |
3MMC |
2.7 |
LSD |
1.8 |
2CB |
1.5 |
Netherlands |
Amsterdam |
Amsterdam |
2021 |
492 |
25 |
12.8 |
26.4 |
0.6 |
28.7 |
3 |
7.9 |
9.3 |
2 |
28.7 |
30.3 |
100 |
35.4 |
1.2 |
0 |
0.6 |
6.3 |
Nitrous oxide |
6.1 |
Ketamine |
4.7 |
3MMC |
3.7 |
LSD |
1.8 |
Mushroom (not known) |
1.6 |
Netherlands |
Amsterdam |
Amsterdam |
2020 |
639 |
29.5 |
11.6 |
22.5 |
2 |
36.5 |
3.8 |
8.5 |
11.1 |
0.8 |
23.2 |
23.6 |
100 |
30.2 |
0 |
0 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
LSD |
3 |
Nitrous oxide |
2.3 |
Psilocybin |
1.7 |
Ketamine |
1.3 |
Psilocybe mushroom |
1.1 |
Netherlands |
Amsterdam |
Amsterdam |
2019 |
1222 |
30 |
12.2 |
27.3 |
0.4 |
49.8 |
2.3 |
7.8 |
14.8 |
1.1 |
21.8 |
16 |
100 |
36.4 |
0.3 |
0 |
0.8 |
1.7 |
Psilocybin |
4.9 |
LSD |
1.2 |
4FA |
0.7 |
3MMC |
0.5 |
2CB |
0.2 |
Netherlands |
Amsterdam |
Amsterdam |
2018 |
1208 |
25.7 |
12.9 |
26 |
6.5 |
55.3 |
2.3 |
6.7 |
13.2 |
0 |
20.2 |
15.3 |
100 |
38.5 |
0.2 |
0 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
Psilocybin |
6.4 |
LSD |
1.4 |
4FA |
0.7 |
2CB |
0.3 |
Caffeine |
0.2 |
Netherlands |
Utrecht |
Utrecht |
2022 |
23 |
17.4 |
8.7 |
17.4 |
39.1 |
13 |
4.3 |
21.7 |
30.4 |
0 |
21.7 |
30.4 |
82.6 |
47.4 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
0 |
13 |
Ketamine |
21.7 |
3MMC |
8.7 |
Baclofen |
4.3 |
Clonazepam |
4.3 |
Crack |
4.3 |
Netherlands |
Utrecht |
Utrecht |
2021 |
21 |
23.8 |
14.3 |
38.1 |
42.9 |
0 |
4.8 |
9.5 |
19 |
4.8 |
14.3 |
38.1 |
76.2 |
18.8 |
19 |
0 |
4.8 |
19 |
LSD |
9.5 |
O-desmethyl tramadol |
9.5 |
Acetic acid |
4.8 |
ALPHA-PHP |
4.8 |
Bromazolam |
4.8 |
Netherlands |
Utrecht |
Utrecht |
2020 |
32 |
40.6 |
9.4 |
21.9 |
21.9 |
15.6 |
0 |
15.6 |
15.6 |
0 |
31.2 |
40.6 |
96.9 |
48.4 |
3.1 |
0 |
0 |
3.1 |
LSD |
15.6 |
Ketamine |
6.2 |
3FPM |
3.1 |
Methylphenidate |
3.1 |
Nitrous oxide |
3.1 |
Netherlands |
Utrecht |
Utrecht |
2019 |
32 |
34.4 |
9.4 |
15.6 |
18.8 |
25 |
6.2 |
12.5 |
9.4 |
0 |
34.4 |
40.6 |
78.1 |
36 |
15.6 |
0 |
6.2 |
3.1 |
Nitrous oxide |
9.4 |
Baclofen |
6.2 |
Diazepam |
6.2 |
ALPHA-PVP |
3.1 |
Alprazolam |
3.1 |
Netherlands |
Utrecht |
Utrecht |
2018 |
50 |
40 |
10 |
26 |
34 |
16 |
0 |
10 |
18 |
2 |
26 |
38 |
94 |
55.3 |
8 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
Oxazepam |
6 |
Crack |
4 |
Ketamine |
4 |
LSD |
4 |
Nitrous oxide |
4 |
North Macedonia |
Skopje |
Skopje |
2022 |
93 |
27.8 |
8.9 |
18.3 |
11.8 |
30.1 |
18.3 |
8.6 |
2.2 |
0 |
36.6 |
0 |
98.9 |
22.8 |
34.4 |
0 |
15.1 |
0 |
Diazepam |
19.4 |
Alprazolam |
5.4 |
Buprenorphine |
5.4 |
Tramadol |
5.4 |
Energy drink |
4.3 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2022 |
1568 |
19.2 |
21.1 |
27 |
0 |
16.1 |
36.4 |
20.4 |
3.6 |
0.4 |
15.3 |
13.1 |
100 |
33.2 |
27.3 |
1.2 |
1.8 |
0.2 |
Alprazolam |
13.7 |
Clonazepam |
4.4 |
Diazepam |
3.7 |
Ketamine |
2.7 |
LSD |
2 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2021 |
1562 |
20.3 |
18.7 |
27.7 |
0 |
16.9 |
29.5 |
22.8 |
4 |
0.8 |
12.8 |
12.5 |
68.7 |
52.1 |
25.2 |
1.8 |
4.4 |
0.6 |
Alprazolam |
9.5 |
Clonazepam |
6.1 |
Diazepam |
5.8 |
Oxazepam |
3.7 |
LSD |
2.1 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2020 |
2114 |
18.4 |
19.3 |
23.7 |
0 |
11.4 |
34.4 |
22.3 |
4.6 |
0.8 |
7.9 |
10.9 |
81.3 |
33.9 |
20.1 |
1 |
2 |
0.1 |
Clonazepam |
11 |
Alprazolam |
4.4 |
Sedative (not known) |
3.5 |
Diazepam |
2.5 |
Stimulant (not known) |
2.1 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2019 |
1860 |
15.5 |
22.5 |
20.4 |
0 |
13 |
34.6 |
20.6 |
3.8 |
0.8 |
8.2 |
11.4 |
32.6 |
87 |
20.6 |
1 |
2.7 |
0.5 |
Clonazepam |
12.4 |
Diazepam |
3.9 |
Alprazolam |
2.2 |
LSD |
1.9 |
Oxazepam |
1.7 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2018 |
1971 |
14.8 |
20.6 |
22.9 |
0 |
14.2 |
33.9 |
21.9 |
3.8 |
0.5 |
9 |
11.8 |
80.3 |
35.5 |
21.2 |
0.7 |
2.2 |
0.4 |
Clonazepam |
7.4 |
LSD |
2.3 |
Diazepam |
2.2 |
Oxazepam |
1.4 |
Morphine |
1.2 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2017 |
1593 |
17.4 |
18.4 |
24.7 |
0 |
14.2 |
32.9 |
23.9 |
4.2 |
0.7 |
6.2 |
12.3 |
61.2 |
43.5 |
24.7 |
1.4 |
4.5 |
0.1 |
Clonazepam |
16.1 |
Diazepam |
4.1 |
Oxazepam |
2.3 |
Alprazolam |
1.9 |
Buprenorphine |
1.4 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2016 |
1303 |
17.4 |
17.7 |
23.9 |
0 |
12.6 |
46.8 |
23.4 |
4.7 |
0.2 |
5.6 |
10.3 |
80.3 |
33.1 |
29.2 |
0.4 |
3.7 |
0.2 |
Clonazepam |
18.3 |
Diazepam |
5.1 |
Alprazolam |
3.6 |
Oxazepam |
2.4 |
Stimulant (not known) |
2.1 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2015 |
1576 |
15.1 |
21.9 |
23 |
0 |
14.1 |
43.9 |
22.3 |
3 |
0.6 |
6.8 |
9.8 |
66.4 |
42.5 |
30.8 |
0.1 |
3.3 |
0.2 |
Clonazepam |
17.3 |
Diazepam |
4.8 |
Oxazepam |
3.4 |
Alprazolam |
2.9 |
Buprenorphine |
1.5 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2014 |
1529 |
16.8 |
22.5 |
21.9 |
0 |
11.8 |
45.9 |
19.3 |
2.6 |
0.6 |
6.1 |
9 |
34.3 |
78.1 |
32.1 |
0.4 |
2.7 |
0.6 |
Clonazepam |
18.8 |
Diazepam |
4.6 |
Alprazolam |
4.3 |
Oxazepam |
2.7 |
Buprenorphine |
2.5 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OAEOC |
2013 |
331 |
22.3 |
21.4 |
22.4 |
0 |
10.3 |
44.4 |
23 |
2.1 |
0.6 |
5.1 |
10.9 |
33.2 |
81.8 |
31.4 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
Clonazepam |
17.8 |
Diazepam |
6.6 |
Alprazolam |
4.5 |
Oxazepam |
3.6 |
Flunitrazepam |
1.5 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2022 |
171 |
14.1 |
17.1 |
25.7 |
94.7 |
5.3 |
15.8 |
11.7 |
4.7 |
0 |
9.9 |
50.9 |
45 |
98.7 |
5.8 |
0 |
2.9 |
0.6 |
Alprazolam |
1.2 |
Ketamine |
1.2 |
Crack |
0.6 |
DMT |
0.6 |
Lisdexamfetamine |
0.6 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2021 |
141 |
13 |
26.8 |
27.7 |
93.6 |
2.8 |
15.6 |
7.8 |
5.7 |
0.7 |
7.8 |
42.6 |
55.3 |
94.9 |
9.9 |
0.7 |
2.1 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
0.7 |
LSD |
0.7 |
Mushroom (not known) |
0.7 |
Nitrous oxide |
0.7 |
Olanzapine |
0.7 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2020 |
216 |
19.2 |
16.4 |
23.1 |
93.5 |
2.8 |
13.4 |
13.9 |
4.2 |
0 |
5.1 |
52.3 |
44 |
88.4 |
8.8 |
0 |
0.9 |
0 |
LSD |
1.4 |
Alprazolam |
0.5 |
Diazepam |
0.5 |
Mushroom (not known) |
0.5 |
Quetiapine |
0.5 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2019 |
195 |
18 |
18 |
27.7 |
93.8 |
2.1 |
19 |
16.4 |
5.6 |
0 |
10.3 |
44.1 |
46.7 |
89 |
1.5 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Buprenorphine |
0.5 |
Diazepam |
0.5 |
LSD |
0.5 |
|
|
|
|
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2018 |
213 |
15.1 |
14.2 |
23 |
93 |
8 |
17.8 |
8.5 |
6.6 |
0.5 |
6.6 |
53.5 |
58.7 |
88 |
7 |
0 |
1.9 |
0 |
Ketamine |
1.4 |
LSD |
1.4 |
Alprazolam |
0.9 |
Mushroom (not known) |
0.5 |
|
|
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2017 |
196 |
17.5 |
11.9 |
30.1 |
87.8 |
6.6 |
13.8 |
16.8 |
4.6 |
0.5 |
6.6 |
53.1 |
63.3 |
95.2 |
10.2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Clonazepam |
2.6 |
Flunitrazepam |
1 |
Alprazolam |
0.5 |
Antihistamine (not known) |
0.5 |
Morphine |
0.5 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2016 |
194 |
19.1 |
11.3 |
26.8 |
91.2 |
6.2 |
19.1 |
17.5 |
6.2 |
1.5 |
6.2 |
51 |
62.9 |
95.1 |
11.9 |
0 |
1.5 |
2.1 |
Clonazepam |
5.7 |
2CB |
1.5 |
LSD |
1 |
Psilocybe mushroom |
1 |
2CD |
0.5 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2015 |
180 |
24.2 |
8.4 |
29.4 |
89.4 |
6.1 |
23.3 |
25.6 |
5.6 |
0 |
10 |
55.6 |
60 |
84.3 |
7.2 |
0 |
0.6 |
3.9 |
Clonazepam |
3.9 |
25B-NBOME |
1.7 |
Ayahuasca |
1.1 |
DMT |
1.1 |
2CB |
0.6 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2014 |
192 |
25.1 |
8 |
25.5 |
88 |
12.5 |
26 |
29.2 |
3.1 |
1 |
14.6 |
45.8 |
57.3 |
70.9 |
14.1 |
0 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
Clonazepam |
8.9 |
LSD |
3.1 |
Alprazolam |
1 |
2CL |
0.5 |
Alimemazine |
0.5 |
Norway |
Oslo |
Oslo OUH |
2013 |
40 |
25.6 |
20.5 |
20 |
82.5 |
15 |
37.5 |
30 |
5 |
0 |
7.5 |
35 |
75 |
40 |
42.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
5 |
Clonazepam |
5 |
Diazepam |
5 |
Alimemazine |
2.5 |
Barbiturate (not known) |
2.5 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2022 |
59 |
64.4 |
3.4 |
25.4 |
0 |
18.6 |
8.5 |
18.6 |
6.8 |
3.4 |
6.8 |
0 |
100 |
30.5 |
23.7 |
13.6 |
3.4 |
25.4 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
20.3 |
Clonazepam |
13.6 |
Alprazolam |
10.2 |
Zolpidem |
10.2 |
Dextromethorphan |
5.1 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2021 |
50 |
56 |
4 |
16 |
0 |
18 |
6 |
30 |
6 |
2 |
6 |
0 |
100 |
44 |
12 |
4 |
4 |
28 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
22 |
Dextromethorphan |
8 |
Codeine |
6 |
Oxycodone |
6 |
Tramadol |
6 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2020 |
69 |
47.8 |
2.9 |
18.8 |
0 |
18.8 |
2.9 |
44.9 |
8.7 |
5.8 |
8.7 |
0 |
100 |
31.9 |
15.9 |
1.4 |
4.3 |
21.7 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
18.8 |
Codeine |
13 |
Clonazepam |
10.1 |
Alprazolam |
7.2 |
Dextromethorphan |
5.8 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2019 |
101 |
38.6 |
6.9 |
22.8 |
1 |
20.8 |
8.9 |
30.7 |
5.9 |
3 |
6.9 |
0 |
100 |
35.6 |
7.9 |
2 |
2 |
30.7 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
28.7 |
Clonazepam |
4 |
Buprenorphine |
3 |
Dextromethorphan |
3 |
Alprazolam |
2 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2018 |
93 |
53.8 |
0 |
20.4 |
0 |
17.2 |
3.2 |
25.8 |
0 |
4.3 |
8.6 |
0 |
100 |
33.3 |
12.9 |
0 |
0 |
39.8 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
14 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
6.5 |
Mephedrone |
5.4 |
Dextromethorphan |
4.3 |
Alprazolam |
3.2 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2017 |
103 |
49.5 |
1.9 |
18.4 |
0 |
18.4 |
1 |
25.2 |
3.9 |
2.9 |
8.7 |
1.9 |
100 |
35 |
1.9 |
0 |
1 |
48.5 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
14.6 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
12.6 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
10.7 |
Cathinone (not known) |
5.8 |
Mephedrone |
4.9 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2016 |
125 |
56.9 |
2.4 |
16 |
0 |
14.4 |
4.8 |
20 |
4.8 |
4 |
9.6 |
3.2 |
98.4 |
28.5 |
0.8 |
0 |
0.8 |
56 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
20.8 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
13.6 |
Mephedrone |
9.6 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
3.2 |
Cathinone (not known) |
2.4 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2015 |
236 |
60.6 |
2.5 |
15.3 |
0.4 |
10.2 |
2.5 |
15.3 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
100 |
20.8 |
4.2 |
0 |
2.1 |
65.7 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
47 |
Mephedrone |
10.6 |
Dextromethorphan |
4.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid magic tobacco |
2.5 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
2.1 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2014 |
158 |
51.3 |
3.8 |
20.3 |
0 |
10.8 |
11.4 |
15.2 |
0.6 |
3.8 |
5.7 |
1.9 |
100 |
21.5 |
4.4 |
0 |
5.1 |
34.8 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
16.5 |
Dextromethorphan |
10.8 |
Mephedrone |
8.9 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
7 |
25B-NBOME |
1.3 |
Poland |
Gdansk |
Gdansk |
2013 |
39 |
64.1 |
0 |
20.5 |
2.6 |
15.4 |
5.1 |
15.4 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
0 |
2.6 |
100 |
35.9 |
0 |
0 |
5.1 |
35.9 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
25.6 |
Dextromethorphan |
7.7 |
Datura stramonium |
5.1 |
LSD |
5.1 |
Tramadol |
5.1 |
Romania |
Bucharest |
Bucharest |
2022 |
61 |
100 |
0 |
31.1 |
0 |
63.9 |
3.3 |
1.6 |
3.3 |
6.6 |
1.6 |
0 |
100 |
32.8 |
19.7 |
0 |
0 |
19.7 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
14.8 |
NPS/legal high pure by magic |
4.9 |
Alprazolam |
3.3 |
Oxycodone |
3.3 |
Clonazepam |
1.6 |
Romania |
Bucharest |
Bucharest |
2021 |
31 |
100 |
0 |
19.4 |
0 |
32.3 |
0 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
12.9 |
0 |
96.8 |
13.3 |
12.9 |
0 |
0 |
38.7 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
38.7 |
Clonazepam |
6.5 |
Alprazolam |
3.2 |
Levomepromazine |
3.2 |
Oxycodone |
3.2 |
Romania |
Bucharest |
Bucharest |
2020 |
27 |
100 |
0 |
48.1 |
0 |
70.4 |
0 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
22.2 |
3.7 |
0 |
0 |
14.8 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
14.8 |
Bilastine |
3.7 |
Diazepam |
3.7 |
LSD |
3.7 |
Metoclopramide |
3.7 |
Romania |
Bucharest |
Bucharest |
2019 |
45 |
100 |
0 |
42.2 |
0 |
68.9 |
6.7 |
2.2 |
0 |
2.2 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
31.1 |
2.2 |
0 |
0 |
17.8 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
15.6 |
LSD |
4.4 |
Benzydamine |
2.2 |
Ketamine |
2.2 |
NPS/legal high zombie |
2.2 |
Romania |
Bucharest |
Bucharest |
2018 |
30 |
100 |
0 |
50 |
0 |
73.3 |
3.3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3.3 |
0 |
100 |
13.3 |
6.7 |
0 |
0 |
23.3 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
23.3 |
Datura stramonium |
6.7 |
Alprazolam |
3.3 |
Barbiturate (not known) |
3.3 |
|
|
Serbia |
Belgrade |
Belgrade |
2022 |
114 |
22.1 |
6.2 |
23.7 |
6.1 |
23.7 |
22.8 |
20.2 |
4.4 |
0 |
21.1 |
3.5 |
97.4 |
36.9 |
8.8 |
6.1 |
7.9 |
0 |
Buprenorphine |
3.5 |
Diazepam |
3.5 |
Lorazepam |
2.6 |
Bromazepam |
1.8 |
Clonazepam |
1.8 |
Serbia |
Belgrade |
Belgrade |
2021 |
204 |
16.2 |
7.8 |
18.1 |
2.9 |
14.7 |
37.3 |
16.7 |
2 |
2 |
9.3 |
2.5 |
100 |
28.9 |
13.2 |
1.5 |
10.8 |
0 |
Buprenorphine |
8.3 |
Bromazepam |
4.9 |
Diazepam |
3.9 |
Clonazepam |
2.9 |
Alprazolam |
2 |
Slovakia |
Bratislava |
Bratislava |
2022 |
82 |
63.4 |
2.4 |
30.5 |
2.4 |
25.6 |
4.9 |
1.2 |
4.9 |
32.9 |
7.3 |
3.7 |
67.1 |
47.3 |
3.7 |
0 |
1.2 |
6.1 |
Ketamine |
4.9 |
Toluene |
4.9 |
Psilocybe mushroom |
3.7 |
Alprazolam |
2.4 |
Hexahydrocannabinol |
2.4 |
Slovakia |
Bratislava |
Bratislava |
2021 |
59 |
54.2 |
5.1 |
25.4 |
3.4 |
32.2 |
1.7 |
6.8 |
3.4 |
44.1 |
3.4 |
5.1 |
79.7 |
48.9 |
3.4 |
0 |
0 |
1.7 |
Cannabis (CBD) |
1.7 |
Datura stramonium |
1.7 |
Ephedrine |
1.7 |
LSD |
1.7 |
Morphine |
1.7 |
Slovakia |
Bratislava |
Bratislava |
2020 |
57 |
57.9 |
5.3 |
33.3 |
7 |
36.8 |
5.3 |
7 |
10.5 |
36.8 |
7 |
0 |
68.4 |
61.5 |
5.3 |
0 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
Tramadol |
7 |
Alprazolam |
3.5 |
LSD |
3.5 |
Morphine |
3.5 |
Amanita muscaria |
1.8 |
Slovakia |
Bratislava |
Bratislava |
2019 |
82 |
67.1 |
4.9 |
30.5 |
3.7 |
42.7 |
4.9 |
12.2 |
12.2 |
36.6 |
8.5 |
1.2 |
96.3 |
53.2 |
13.4 |
0 |
2.4 |
4.9 |
Alprazolam |
3.7 |
Synthetic cannabinoid herba |
3.7 |
Datura stramonium |
2.4 |
Psilocybe mushroom |
2.4 |
Tramadol |
2.4 |
Slovakia |
Bratislava |
Bratislava |
2018 |
63 |
71.4 |
1.6 |
41.3 |
6.3 |
36.5 |
3.2 |
1.6 |
30.2 |
41.3 |
11.1 |
1.6 |
100 |
50.8 |
14.3 |
0 |
0 |
4.8 |
Alprazolam |
9.5 |
Tramadol |
4.8 |
Datura stramonium |
3.2 |
Dextromethorphan |
3.2 |
Morphine |
3.2 |
Slovakia |
Bratislava |
Bratislava |
2017 |
56 |
62.5 |
0 |
28.6 |
3.6 |
48.2 |
0 |
5.4 |
16.1 |
44.6 |
14.3 |
0 |
100 |
37.5 |
1.8 |
0 |
0 |
3.6 |
Tramadol |
10.7 |
Energy drink |
3.6 |
4-MEO-PCP |
1.8 |
Dextromethorphan |
1.8 |
LSD |
1.8 |
Slovakia |
Bratislava |
Bratislava |
2016 |
91 |
68.1 |
3.3 |
36.3 |
8.8 |
48.4 |
1.1 |
4.4 |
15.4 |
47.3 |
2.2 |
0 |
98.9 |
37.8 |
13.2 |
0 |
2.2 |
1.1 |
Tramadol |
5.5 |
LSD |
3.3 |
Morphine |
3.3 |
Alprazolam |
2.2 |
Buprenorphine |
2.2 |
Slovenia |
Ljubljana |
Ljubljana |
2022 |
159 |
18.2 |
15.7 |
15.1 |
12.6 |
17.6 |
24.5 |
6.9 |
6.9 |
1.3 |
34.6 |
10.1 |
74.2 |
55.9 |
22.6 |
1.3 |
11.3 |
0 |
Midazolam |
7.5 |
Diazepam |
4.4 |
Alprazolam |
2.5 |
Clonazepam |
2.5 |
Psychotropic agent (not known) |
2.5 |
Slovenia |
Ljubljana |
Ljubljana |
2021 |
141 |
17.7 |
15.6 |
15.6 |
16.3 |
18.4 |
24.1 |
3.5 |
4.3 |
0.7 |
33.3 |
14.2 |
63.8 |
47.8 |
24.1 |
3.5 |
13.5 |
5.7 |
Midazolam |
10.6 |
Alprazolam |
4.3 |
Clonazepam |
2.8 |
LSD |
2.8 |
MDMB-4EN-PINACA |
2.1 |
Slovenia |
Ljubljana |
Ljubljana |
2020 |
113 |
26.5 |
9.7 |
23 |
13.3 |
23.9 |
31 |
5.3 |
2.7 |
0.9 |
35.4 |
10.6 |
72.6 |
52.4 |
15.9 |
0.9 |
12.4 |
1.8 |
Alprazolam |
3.5 |
Clonazepam |
3.5 |
LSD |
2.7 |
Midazolam |
2.7 |
Diazepam |
1.8 |
Slovenia |
Ljubljana |
Ljubljana |
2019 |
134 |
34.3 |
5.2 |
26.1 |
20.1 |
22.4 |
20.1 |
8.2 |
11.2 |
1.5 |
37.3 |
23.1 |
82.8 |
62.2 |
21.6 |
0 |
12.7 |
2.2 |
Midazolam |
7.5 |
Alprazolam |
4.5 |
Clonazepam |
3 |
Diazepam |
3 |
LSD |
3 |
Slovenia |
Ljubljana |
Ljubljana |
2018 |
154 |
24.7 |
8.4 |
24.7 |
17.5 |
19.5 |
20.8 |
12.3 |
9.7 |
1.3 |
36.4 |
25.3 |
70.1 |
63 |
12.3 |
0 |
14.9 |
2.6 |
Stimulant (not known) |
5.8 |
Midazolam |
5.2 |
Alprazolam |
3.2 |
Buprenorphine |
3.2 |
3MMC |
1.9 |
Slovenia |
Ljubljana |
Ljubljana |
2017 |
156 |
23.1 |
8.3 |
21.2 |
17.3 |
17.9 |
13.5 |
6.4 |
7.1 |
1.9 |
30.8 |
9.6 |
77.6 |
53.7 |
21.8 |
0.6 |
16 |
3.2 |
Midazolam |
7.7 |
Alprazolam |
3.8 |
Clonazepam |
3.8 |
Bupropion |
2.6 |
Morphine |
2.6 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2022 |
253 |
22.7 |
11.6 |
19.4 |
4.3 |
20.2 |
2.4 |
13.8 |
9.9 |
11.9 |
24.1 |
21.3 |
88.9 |
51.6 |
7.1 |
3.2 |
0.4 |
7.9 |
Ketamine |
4.7 |
Clonazepam |
3.6 |
2CB |
3.2 |
Crack |
3.2 |
Mephedrone |
3.2 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2021 |
209 |
20 |
12.2 |
11.5 |
1.9 |
25.8 |
1 |
12.9 |
11 |
14.8 |
33.5 |
26.8 |
84.7 |
53.7 |
3.8 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
5.7 |
Ketamine |
4.3 |
2CB |
2.9 |
Crack |
2.4 |
Mephedrone |
1.9 |
LSD |
1.4 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2020 |
184 |
19.1 |
10.4 |
16.8 |
2.7 |
12.5 |
1.1 |
18.5 |
9.2 |
18.5 |
32.1 |
27.2 |
87 |
50.6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3.3 |
Ketamine |
3.8 |
Poppers |
3.3 |
LSD |
2.2 |
2CB |
1.6 |
Mephedrone |
1.6 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2019 |
248 |
24 |
12.2 |
18.5 |
5.2 |
22.6 |
3.2 |
11.3 |
10.9 |
16.5 |
31 |
27 |
91.1 |
58.4 |
0.8 |
0 |
0 |
1.6 |
Ketamine |
6.9 |
Poppers |
3.6 |
LSD |
3.2 |
Caffeine |
0.8 |
Mephedrone |
0.8 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2018 |
227 |
19.6 |
10.2 |
14.1 |
2.2 |
20.7 |
0.4 |
15.4 |
7 |
22 |
37 |
22 |
85.5 |
57.2 |
1.3 |
0 |
0 |
1.3 |
Ketamine |
7 |
Ayahuasca |
1.3 |
LSD |
1.3 |
Mephedrone |
0.9 |
Poppers |
0.9 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2017 |
224 |
19.5 |
5.4 |
17.4 |
4.9 |
23.2 |
0.9 |
21.9 |
5.4 |
11.2 |
45.5 |
25 |
81.7 |
71.6 |
0 |
0 |
0.4 |
1.8 |
Ketamine |
8.9 |
Poppers |
3.6 |
LSD |
1.8 |
Mephedrone |
1.8 |
Hallucinogen (not known) |
0.9 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2016 |
147 |
27.2 |
5.4 |
25.2 |
1.4 |
22.4 |
2.7 |
19.7 |
11.6 |
12.2 |
43.5 |
27.2 |
81.6 |
70 |
0.7 |
0 |
0.7 |
2.7 |
Ketamine |
6.8 |
Poppers |
5.4 |
Mephedrone |
2 |
LSD |
1.4 |
Damiana |
0.7 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2015 |
108 |
23.4 |
15 |
13.9 |
3.7 |
15.7 |
4.6 |
23.1 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
51.9 |
25 |
86.1 |
72 |
0 |
0 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
Ketamine |
6.5 |
Poppers |
4.6 |
LSD |
1.9 |
MDA |
0.9 |
Mephedrone |
0.9 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2014 |
182 |
20.9 |
7.7 |
26.4 |
2.7 |
22.5 |
1.6 |
23.1 |
3.3 |
1.1 |
49.5 |
22 |
95.1 |
66.5 |
0.5 |
0 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
Ketamine |
2.7 |
Caffeine |
2.2 |
Poppers |
1.6 |
LSD |
1.1 |
2CB |
0.5 |
Spain |
Barcelona |
Barcelona |
2013 |
46 |
18.2 |
18.2 |
17.4 |
2.2 |
23.9 |
4.3 |
28.3 |
4.3 |
0 |
47.8 |
26.1 |
95.7 |
77.3 |
6.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Ketamine |
6.5 |
Poppers |
4.3 |
Alprazolam |
2.2 |
Fentanyl |
2.2 |
Fluoxetine |
2.2 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2022 |
539 |
21.5 |
25.8 |
31.2 |
0.7 |
55.5 |
8 |
1.7 |
8.7 |
0.2 |
54.5 |
1.5 |
100 |
49 |
16.7 |
0 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
Alprazolam |
4.6 |
Diazepam |
2.8 |
Ketamine |
2.2 |
Poppers |
1.1 |
Clonazepam |
0.9 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2021 |
464 |
18.8 |
17.5 |
28 |
0.6 |
59.1 |
9.3 |
1.5 |
2.8 |
0.6 |
53.9 |
1.1 |
100 |
50.6 |
17.9 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
Alprazolam |
3.7 |
Diazepam |
3.7 |
Clonazepam |
3 |
Ketamine |
1.5 |
Clorazepate |
0.4 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2020 |
412 |
19.4 |
25 |
30.1 |
1.5 |
56.6 |
6.6 |
1.7 |
3.6 |
0.7 |
53.4 |
0 |
100 |
46.6 |
19.7 |
0 |
2.2 |
0.7 |
Alprazolam |
6.6 |
Diazepam |
4.6 |
Ketamine |
1.9 |
Clonazepam |
1.5 |
Clorazepate |
0.5 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2019 |
415 |
34.9 |
16.9 |
28 |
0.7 |
51.8 |
7.2 |
2.4 |
14 |
1.7 |
48.2 |
0.7 |
100 |
65.3 |
8.9 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1 |
Alprazolam |
2.9 |
Ketamine |
1.7 |
Diazepam |
1.2 |
Energy drink |
1.2 |
Clonazepam |
0.7 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2018 |
405 |
27.4 |
18.5 |
24.9 |
2 |
42.7 |
7.9 |
5.9 |
14.3 |
0.7 |
48.6 |
0.7 |
100 |
66.7 |
9.9 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
1.2 |
Alprazolam |
2.5 |
Diazepam |
1.5 |
Ketamine |
1.5 |
Clonazepam |
1 |
Energy drink |
1 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2017 |
350 |
27.1 |
16.9 |
26 |
1.4 |
39.7 |
13.4 |
7.4 |
6.6 |
0.9 |
51.4 |
0.3 |
99.4 |
64.4 |
11.1 |
0 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
Alprazolam |
2.9 |
Ketamine |
2.6 |
Diazepam |
1.7 |
Clonazepam |
0.6 |
Energy drink |
0.6 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2016 |
249 |
30.1 |
14.1 |
17.7 |
0.4 |
31.7 |
13.3 |
1.2 |
13.3 |
1.6 |
44.2 |
1.6 |
93.2 |
64.7 |
11.6 |
0.4 |
1.2 |
5.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
4.8 |
Alprazolam |
3.2 |
Diazepam |
3.2 |
Ketamine |
3.2 |
Stimulant (not known) |
1.2 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2015 |
237 |
35.4 |
16 |
23.2 |
0.8 |
31.2 |
12.2 |
1.7 |
13.5 |
0 |
45.1 |
0.4 |
96.6 |
73.8 |
16 |
0.8 |
1.7 |
2.5 |
Alprazolam |
10.5 |
Diazepam |
3.4 |
Lorazepam |
2.1 |
Stimulant (not known) |
2.1 |
Clonazepam |
1.3 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2014 |
190 |
26.3 |
8.9 |
24.7 |
1.1 |
22.1 |
18.9 |
5.3 |
5.8 |
0 |
47.9 |
0 |
81.6 |
61.9 |
16.8 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
2.6 |
Alprazolam |
11.6 |
Stimulant (not known) |
2.6 |
Clonazepam |
1.6 |
Diazepam |
1.6 |
Hallucinogen (not known) |
1.1 |
Spain |
Mallorca |
Mallorca |
2013 |
28 |
25 |
10.7 |
21.4 |
3.6 |
25 |
21.4 |
3.6 |
14.3 |
0 |
64.3 |
3.6 |
78.6 |
77.3 |
10.7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
7.1 |
Ketamine |
7.1 |
Amitriptyline |
3.6 |
Diazepam |
3.6 |
MDA |
3.6 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2022 |
323 |
28.1 |
14.7 |
21.4 |
11.1 |
32.2 |
9.3 |
2.8 |
5.3 |
3.7 |
44.3 |
3.7 |
97.8 |
43.4 |
13.6 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
0.3 |
Alprazolam |
3.1 |
Morphine |
2.8 |
Midazolam |
2.2 |
Diazepam |
1.9 |
LSD |
1.9 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2021 |
278 |
32.7 |
18.2 |
23 |
8.6 |
36.3 |
10.8 |
3.2 |
4 |
2.5 |
52.2 |
3.6 |
97.5 |
48 |
20.9 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
0.7 |
Diazepam |
2.9 |
Lorazepam |
2.9 |
Midazolam |
2.5 |
LSD |
2.2 |
Alprazolam |
1.8 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2020 |
287 |
27.7 |
19.6 |
23 |
4.2 |
34.8 |
7 |
8 |
1 |
3.5 |
51.6 |
3.8 |
89.5 |
51.4 |
15.3 |
0.3 |
3.5 |
0.3 |
LSD |
3.8 |
Alprazolam |
2.8 |
Diazepam |
2.8 |
Morphine |
2.1 |
Lorazepam |
1.7 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2019 |
167 |
29.3 |
17.4 |
18 |
6.6 |
41.3 |
9.6 |
4.8 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
55.7 |
3.6 |
88.6 |
55.4 |
15 |
0.6 |
3 |
0 |
Ketamine |
2.4 |
Methylphenidate |
2.4 |
LSD |
1.8 |
Midazolam |
1.8 |
Nitrous oxide |
1.8 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2018 |
255 |
19.3 |
20.5 |
26.3 |
5.1 |
38 |
12.2 |
6.3 |
4.7 |
2.7 |
47.5 |
6.3 |
93.7 |
54 |
14.9 |
0 |
4.3 |
0.4 |
Morphine |
2.7 |
LSD |
2.4 |
Poppers |
2 |
Diazepam |
1.6 |
Methylphenidate |
1.6 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2017 |
275 |
24.1 |
20.4 |
29.8 |
5.8 |
42.5 |
9.8 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
0.7 |
40.7 |
2.9 |
78.9 |
73.3 |
12.7 |
0 |
5.8 |
0.4 |
Lorazepam |
2.5 |
Morphine |
2.5 |
Diazepam |
2.2 |
Ketamine |
1.5 |
Methylphenidate |
1.5 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2016 |
244 |
31.4 |
14.5 |
27.9 |
10.7 |
33.6 |
4.5 |
7.8 |
8.2 |
2.5 |
33.6 |
1.2 |
55.3 |
83.7 |
12.3 |
0 |
2.5 |
0 |
Diazepam |
4.5 |
Lorazepam |
3.7 |
Methylphenidate |
2.9 |
Morphine |
2 |
LSD |
1.6 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2015 |
210 |
27.6 |
18.6 |
27.6 |
7.6 |
30 |
13.8 |
5.7 |
7.1 |
2.9 |
38.6 |
1.4 |
48.1 |
92.1 |
11 |
1 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
Diazepam |
4.8 |
Morphine |
2.9 |
Midazolam |
2.4 |
Lorazepam |
1.9 |
Alprazolam |
1.4 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2014 |
224 |
35.3 |
13.4 |
29.5 |
7.1 |
39.3 |
8.9 |
5.4 |
9.8 |
0.4 |
31.7 |
1.3 |
54.5 |
94.3 |
8.9 |
0 |
6.2 |
0.4 |
LSD |
3.6 |
Diazepam |
1.8 |
Methylphenidate |
1.3 |
Morphine |
1.3 |
Tramadol |
1.3 |
Switzerland |
Basel |
Basel |
2013 |
44 |
38.6 |
13.6 |
34.1 |
4.5 |
22.7 |
4.5 |
11.4 |
2.3 |
0 |
52.3 |
0 |
56.8 |
80 |
6.8 |
0 |
0 |
2.3 |
LSD |
9.1 |
Methylphenidate |
4.5 |
2CB |
2.3 |
Alprazolam |
2.3 |
Bromazepam |
2.3 |
Switzerland |
Bern |
Bern |
2021 |
66 |
21.2 |
18.2 |
22.7 |
13.6 |
30.3 |
16.7 |
15.2 |
13.6 |
9.1 |
47 |
1.5 |
87.9 |
79.3 |
9.1 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
3 |
Clonazepam |
4.5 |
Alprazolam |
3 |
LSD |
3 |
Psilocybe mushroom |
3 |
2CB |
1.5 |
Switzerland |
Bern |
Bern |
2020 |
71 |
38 |
14.1 |
29.6 |
5.6 |
45.1 |
18.3 |
7 |
5.6 |
0 |
36.6 |
2.8 |
90.1 |
65.6 |
11.3 |
0 |
2.8 |
0 |
Alprazolam |
4.2 |
Cannabis (CBD) |
2.8 |
Diazepam |
2.8 |
Ketamine |
2.8 |
LSD |
2.8 |
Switzerland |
Bern |
Bern |
2019 |
217 |
30 |
12.9 |
23.5 |
4.6 |
36.4 |
14.7 |
7.4 |
8.3 |
2.3 |
41.5 |
0.9 |
79.3 |
73.3 |
11.1 |
0.5 |
0.9 |
1.4 |
Alprazolam |
3.7 |
LSD |
2.3 |
Cannabis (CBD) |
1.4 |
Codeine |
1.4 |
Ketamine |
1.4 |
Switzerland |
Bern |
Bern |
2018 |
236 |
28.4 |
14.4 |
30.1 |
8.5 |
19.1 |
16.5 |
11.9 |
6.8 |
0.8 |
38.6 |
6.8 |
60.6 |
80.4 |
14 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
0 |
Diazepam |
4.7 |
Lorazepam |
3.8 |
LSD |
3.8 |
Midazolam |
3.4 |
Alprazolam |
2.5 |
Switzerland |
Bern |
Bern |
2017 |
259 |
25.5 |
15.8 |
29 |
9.3 |
31.3 |
19.7 |
13.5 |
3.5 |
0.4 |
39 |
3.5 |
62.9 |
76.7 |
12.4 |
0 |
2.7 |
1.2 |
Diazepam |
3.5 |
Lorazepam |
3.1 |
Zolpidem |
2.3 |
Methylphenidate |
1.9 |
Alprazolam |
1.5 |
Switzerland |
Bern |
Bern |
2016 |
206 |
23.8 |
14.1 |
34.5 |
11.2 |
23.8 |
15.5 |
10.2 |
5.3 |
1.9 |
35.9 |
3.4 |
62.1 |
79.7 |
7.8 |
0 |
1.5 |
1 |
Diazepam |
2.9 |
LSD |
2.9 |
Midazolam |
2.4 |
Alprazolam |
1 |
Lorazepam |
1 |
Switzerland |
Geneva |
Geneva |
2022 |
397 |
22.4 |
20.2 |
26.4 |
6.8 |
22.7 |
9.8 |
0.8 |
6.8 |
1.5 |
49.4 |
2.8 |
96 |
53 |
16.1 |
1.3 |
5.5 |
1.3 |
Crack |
5.8 |
Midazolam |
3.3 |
Ketamine |
2.5 |
Clonazepam |
2 |
Zolpidem |
1.5 |
Switzerland |
Geneva |
Geneva |
2021 |
480 |
19.4 |
19.6 |
25 |
7.7 |
28.3 |
14.4 |
2.7 |
5.6 |
0.8 |
43.5 |
1.7 |
91.2 |
55.7 |
27.1 |
2.1 |
7.1 |
2.3 |
Midazolam |
6.5 |
Clonazepam |
3.3 |
Quetiapine |
2.5 |
Morphine |
2.3 |
Cannabis (CBD) |
1.7 |
Switzerland |
Geneva |
Geneva |
2020 |
355 |
28.2 |
17.2 |
20.8 |
4.5 |
31.3 |
14.1 |
3.1 |
8.7 |
4.8 |
42.3 |
3.9 |
96.1 |
56.9 |
28.5 |
1.4 |
7 |
1.4 |
LSD |
2.5 |
Ketamine |
1.7 |
Morphine |
1.7 |
Quetiapine |
1.1 |
3MMC |
0.8 |
Switzerland |
Lugano |
Lugano |
2022 |
84 |
36.9 |
21.4 |
27.4 |
10.7 |
32.1 |
4.8 |
2.4 |
4.8 |
0 |
34.5 |
0 |
95.2 |
51.2 |
14.3 |
1.2 |
3.6 |
0 |
Diazepam |
3.6 |
Oxazepam |
3.6 |
Oxycodone |
3.6 |
Alprazolam |
2.4 |
Clomethiazole |
2.4 |
Switzerland |
Lugano |
Lugano |
2021 |
108 |
33.3 |
17.6 |
27.8 |
5.6 |
43.5 |
4.6 |
0 |
2.8 |
0 |
35.2 |
0 |
99.1 |
45.8 |
16.7 |
0.9 |
4.6 |
0 |
Clonazepam |
2.8 |
Alprazolam |
1.9 |
Codeine |
1.9 |
Zolpidem |
1.9 |
Clomethiazole |
0.9 |
Switzerland |
Lugano |
Lugano |
2020 |
195 |
27.2 |
25.6 |
25.6 |
8.2 |
38.5 |
11.8 |
1 |
4.1 |
1 |
35.4 |
0.5 |
99.5 |
46.9 |
13.3 |
1 |
5.1 |
0 |
Clonazepam |
4.6 |
Clomethiazole |
2.6 |
Oxazepam |
2.1 |
LSD |
1.5 |
Midazolam |
1.5 |
Switzerland |
Lugano |
Lugano |
2019 |
267 |
32.6 |
20.2 |
28.1 |
15 |
46.8 |
7.1 |
1.5 |
3.7 |
0.7 |
31.5 |
0.4 |
99.3 |
50.9 |
13.9 |
0.4 |
4.5 |
0 |
Midazolam |
1.9 |
Alprazolam |
1.5 |
Codeine |
1.5 |
Diazepam |
1.5 |
Oxycodone |
1.5 |
Switzerland |
Lugano |
Lugano |
2018 |
227 |
36.1 |
18.5 |
29.1 |
10.6 |
40.1 |
5.3 |
3.5 |
2.2 |
0.4 |
29.1 |
0 |
99.1 |
52 |
11.9 |
0.4 |
2.6 |
0 |
LSD |
3.1 |
Clomethiazole |
2.2 |
Lorazepam |
2.2 |
Clorazepate |
1.8 |
Diazepam |
1.8 |
Switzerland |
Lugano |
Lugano |
2017 |
105 |
22.9 |
18.1 |
27.6 |
16.2 |
44.8 |
7.6 |
1.9 |
0 |
0 |
37.1 |
0 |
98.1 |
52.4 |
16.2 |
1 |
2.9 |
0 |
Oxazepam |
4.8 |
Clomethiazole |
3.8 |
Midazolam |
3.8 |
Diazepam |
1.9 |
Ketamine |
1.9 |
Tunisia |
Tunis |
Tunis |
2022 |
174 |
49.4 |
4.6 |
8.6 |
7.5 |
54 |
12.1 |
0 |
25.3 |
0 |
24.1 |
0 |
100 |
20.7 |
13.2 |
5.7 |
0 |
0 |
Buprenorphine |
5.2 |
LSD |
2.9 |
Trihexyphenidyl |
2.9 |
Clonazepam |
2.3 |
Meprobamate |
2.3 |
Tunisia |
Tunis |
Tunis |
2021 |
87 |
46 |
5.7 |
10.3 |
9.2 |
63.2 |
4.6 |
2.3 |
43.7 |
0 |
12.6 |
0 |
100 |
25.3 |
0 |
0 |
1.1 |
0 |
Buprenorphine |
6.9 |
Trihexyphenidyl |
2.3 |
Carbamazepine |
1.1 |
Codeine |
1.1 |
LSD |
1.1 |
Türkiye |
Izmir |
Izmir |
2019 |
54 |
42.6 |
13 |
33.3 |
3.7 |
5.6 |
0 |
1.9 |
25.9 |
0 |
1.9 |
0 |
87 |
31.9 |
3.7 |
20.4 |
0 |
22.2 |
Sedative (not known) |
22.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid (not known) |
14.8 |
Synthetic cannabinoid bonzai |
7.4 |
Antipyretic (not known) |
3.7 |
Alprazolam |
1.9 |
UK |
London |
London KCH |
2020 |
506 |
23.3 |
16.5 |
22.3 |
3.6 |
21.5 |
10.7 |
1 |
6.7 |
20.6 |
19.2 |
26.1 |
58.1 |
75.2 |
5.7 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
4.9 |
Crack |
11.5 |
Ketamine |
6.3 |
Diazepam |
4 |
LSD |
3.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
3.2 |
UK |
London |
London KCH |
2019 |
509 |
20.9 |
14.2 |
21.6 |
2.9 |
19.8 |
12 |
2.4 |
9.6 |
14.7 |
19.4 |
23.6 |
59.9 |
82.6 |
3.1 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
4.7 |
Crack |
12 |
Ketamine |
6.1 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
3.5 |
LSD |
2.8 |
Diazepam |
2 |
UK |
London |
London KCH |
2018 |
439 |
24.4 |
13 |
24.1 |
3.6 |
16.4 |
15.3 |
2.5 |
12.1 |
13.7 |
15.3 |
24.6 |
58.8 |
81.8 |
6.6 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
7.1 |
Crack |
12.1 |
Ketamine |
5.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
3.9 |
Diazepam |
3.6 |
Alprazolam |
2.5 |
UK |
London |
London KCH |
2017 |
434 |
24.6 |
11.8 |
21.7 |
4.6 |
13.8 |
14.3 |
2.8 |
13.4 |
15.7 |
20.7 |
24.4 |
49.3 |
85.5 |
4.4 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
6.7 |
Crack |
11.8 |
Ketamine |
5.1 |
LSD |
3 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
3 |
Diazepam |
2.8 |
UK |
London |
London KCH |
2016 |
379 |
21.9 |
9.9 |
25.6 |
4.5 |
15.6 |
16.9 |
3.2 |
14.5 |
14.2 |
18.2 |
23 |
63.9 |
90.5 |
6.1 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
10.3 |
Crack |
13.7 |
Ketamine |
5.3 |
Diazepam |
2.9 |
Mephedrone |
2.9 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
2.9 |
UK |
London |
London KCH |
2015 |
439 |
21.6 |
10.9 |
20.5 |
4.6 |
14.6 |
13.9 |
3 |
11.2 |
9.3 |
25.1 |
24.8 |
45.1 |
93.4 |
3.9 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
13.2 |
Mephedrone |
8.7 |
Ketamine |
4.1 |
Diazepam |
3.4 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
3.2 |
LSD |
1.6 |
UK |
London |
London KCH |
2014 |
405 |
29 |
9.9 |
25.4 |
2.2 |
18.3 |
16.8 |
3.5 |
13.8 |
10.1 |
20.2 |
20.2 |
61 |
81 |
7.4 |
1.2 |
3 |
16 |
Crack |
8.4 |
Mephedrone |
8.1 |
Methedrone |
5.9 |
Diazepam |
5.4 |
Ketamine |
4 |
UK |
London |
London KCH |
2013 |
97 |
36.1 |
10.3 |
24.7 |
4.1 |
17.5 |
16.5 |
5.2 |
15.5 |
8.2 |
29.9 |
22.7 |
62.9 |
80.3 |
2.1 |
0 |
1 |
11.3 |
Crack |
9.3 |
Ketamine |
9.3 |
Mephedrone |
5.2 |
Diazepam |
2.1 |
Amitriptyline |
1 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2022 |
990 |
22.9 |
16.1 |
21 |
3.8 |
17.3 |
12.1 |
1.2 |
8.2 |
17.7 |
21.5 |
19.9 |
59.4 |
78.9 |
4.4 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
7.6 |
Crack |
9.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
6.6 |
Ketamine |
6.5 |
Nitrous oxide |
3.1 |
Diazepam |
1.9 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2021 |
1083 |
24.6 |
16.4 |
19.8 |
4 |
19.2 |
12.1 |
1.3 |
8.6 |
18.7 |
21.5 |
21.2 |
56.8 |
78.5 |
4.8 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
10.7 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
9.4 |
Crack |
8.1 |
Ketamine |
4.5 |
Diazepam |
3 |
Alprazolam |
1.8 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2020 |
1427 |
17 |
19.8 |
14.6 |
3.9 |
15.1 |
13 |
0.8 |
5.5 |
17.7 |
15.3 |
20 |
45 |
85 |
4.9 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
25.7 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
24.5 |
Crack |
11.9 |
Diazepam |
3.2 |
Ketamine |
3.1 |
Alprazolam |
1.2 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2019 |
1477 |
22.3 |
17.5 |
17.5 |
4.5 |
15 |
13.9 |
0.9 |
7.8 |
15.4 |
19.1 |
20.1 |
49.2 |
91.3 |
5.3 |
2.5 |
2 |
15 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
14.2 |
Crack |
11.8 |
Ketamine |
5.4 |
Diazepam |
2.9 |
Alprazolam |
2.1 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2018 |
1413 |
22.4 |
13.9 |
18.2 |
5.4 |
13.9 |
13.4 |
2.4 |
12 |
15.4 |
19 |
22 |
49.3 |
92.7 |
5 |
1.4 |
2.3 |
14.8 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
13.2 |
Crack |
12.5 |
Ketamine |
5 |
Diazepam |
2.4 |
Alprazolam |
2.3 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2017 |
1040 |
19.8 |
13.9 |
16 |
5.1 |
9.3 |
12.7 |
1.1 |
11.7 |
14.8 |
19.2 |
20.6 |
48 |
86.6 |
4.4 |
1.7 |
3.6 |
19.8 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
17 |
Crack |
8.8 |
Ketamine |
3.6 |
Alprazolam |
2.2 |
Diazepam |
1.9 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2016 |
960 |
21.7 |
11.6 |
15.2 |
4.7 |
9.6 |
13 |
1.4 |
15.4 |
11.2 |
15.9 |
25.3 |
95 |
86.6 |
3 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
25.6 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
15.6 |
Crack |
6.2 |
Mephedrone |
5.4 |
Ketamine |
3.5 |
Diazepam |
2.2 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2015 |
921 |
22 |
10 |
17.6 |
7.4 |
9.6 |
11.4 |
2.2 |
11.7 |
9.9 |
14.3 |
33.6 |
57.1 |
83.1 |
3.8 |
0.9 |
2 |
24.2 |
Mephedrone |
13.1 |
Crack |
5.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
2.9 |
Ketamine |
2.8 |
Methedrone |
2.7 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2014 |
934 |
25.9 |
8.4 |
16.7 |
5.7 |
10 |
11.7 |
2.7 |
16.7 |
10.1 |
17.8 |
32.1 |
49.8 |
82.2 |
3.6 |
0.3 |
1.9 |
20.9 |
Mephedrone |
12.8 |
Methedrone |
6 |
Ketamine |
5.2 |
Crack |
3.6 |
Diazepam |
2.5 |
UK |
London |
London STH |
2013 |
241 |
29.5 |
8.3 |
20.7 |
6.6 |
12 |
12 |
2.9 |
13.7 |
7.5 |
19.1 |
29 |
56.8 |
89.1 |
2.5 |
1.2 |
2.5 |
23.7 |
Mephedrone |
15.8 |
Ketamine |
7.5 |
Crack |
7.1 |
Methedrone |
5.4 |
LSD |
2.5 |
UK |
London |
London STMW |
2022 |
756 |
27.5 |
15.3 |
23.7 |
0.9 |
23.8 |
11.1 |
2.1 |
7.1 |
14.6 |
29.1 |
11.8 |
71.6 |
54 |
5.6 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
3 |
Crack |
9.8 |
Ketamine |
6.2 |
Nitrous oxide |
5.6 |
Diazepam |
3.3 |
Alprazolam |
1.6 |
UK |
London |
London STMW |
2021 |
675 |
28.9 |
12.6 |
23.7 |
1.5 |
23.6 |
9.8 |
1.2 |
7.1 |
16.9 |
28.3 |
13.6 |
84.9 |
42.2 |
6.7 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
6.7 |
Crack |
7.9 |
Ketamine |
5.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
5.2 |
Alprazolam |
3.9 |
Diazepam |
3 |
UK |
York |
York |
2018 |
96 |
32.3 |
7.3 |
26 |
2.1 |
16.7 |
43.8 |
3.1 |
10.4 |
0 |
8.3 |
0 |
79.2 |
60.5 |
32.3 |
7.3 |
1 |
8.3 |
Diazepam |
28.1 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
7.3 |
Alprazolam |
4.2 |
LSD |
4.2 |
Fentanyl |
3.1 |
UK |
York |
York |
2017 |
76 |
57.9 |
3.9 |
35.5 |
0 |
25 |
23.7 |
3.9 |
25 |
0 |
27.6 |
1.3 |
89.5 |
60.3 |
11.8 |
3.9 |
7.9 |
5.3 |
Diazepam |
11.8 |
Ketamine |
9.2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
5.3 |
Paracetamol |
2.6 |
Amitriptyline |
1.3 |
UK |
York |
York |
2016 |
124 |
53.7 |
6.5 |
25 |
0 |
20.2 |
16.9 |
12.9 |
18.5 |
1.6 |
17.7 |
1.6 |
82.3 |
31.4 |
9.7 |
2.4 |
0.8 |
24.2 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
12.9 |
Diazepam |
9.7 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
6.5 |
Mephedrone |
4.8 |
Codeine |
1.6 |
UK |
York |
York |
2015 |
180 |
58.9 |
2.2 |
31.7 |
0 |
21.1 |
10.6 |
15 |
23.3 |
1.7 |
10.6 |
1.1 |
91.7 |
45.5 |
3.9 |
1.1 |
2.2 |
34.4 |
Mephedrone |
13.3 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
10.6 |
Diazepam |
3.9 |
Synthetic cannabinoid spice |
3.3 |
LSD |
1.7 |
UK |
York |
York |
2014 |
204 |
42.4 |
8.4 |
23 |
2.5 |
13.7 |
37.7 |
9.8 |
7.4 |
0 |
8.3 |
0 |
93.6 |
44 |
11.3 |
1 |
4.4 |
30.9 |
Mephedrone |
13.7 |
Diazepam |
10.3 |
NPS/legal high (not known) |
6.9 |
Crack |
2 |
Synthetic cannabinoid psyclone |
2 |
UK |
York |
York |
2013 |
54 |
31.5 |
7.4 |
31.5 |
9.3 |
16.7 |
37 |
14.8 |
7.4 |
1.9 |
11.1 |
0 |
87 |
34 |
11.1 |
1.9 |
7.4 |
16.7 |
Diazepam |
11.1 |
Mephedrone |
7.4 |
Ketamine |
5.6 |
Caffeine |
3.7 |
Synthetic cannabinoid pandora's box |
3.7 |
Table 2. Euro-DEN Plus centre information table
Country |
City |
Coordinates |
Centre short name |
Centre full name |
Type of service |
Catchment area |
Type of people using drugs |
Number of beds |
Estimates population served (n) |
Emergency department and referral |
Other comment |
Algeria |
Bab El Oued |
36.791,3.053 |
Bab El Oued |
Mohamed Liamine Debaghine Hospital, Bab El Oued University Hospital Center |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Algeria |
Oran |
35.704,-0.650 |
Oran |
University Hospital of Oran |
ED in teaching hospital affiliated with the University of Oran |
Not available |
Not available |
1000 |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Albania |
Tirana |
41.328,19.818 |
Tirana |
University hospital centre "Mother Teresa" |
ED in Albania's largest university hospital |
Mainly from Tirana and surroundings, but also severe cases from the whole country |
All type of drug users, including at night time venues, private parties and solo users |
~1450 and 21 in the Toxicology Unit |
1.6 million |
One of clinical toxicology doctors is 24/7 in hospital. All patients coming to ED is first checked by the emergency doctor and upon their request by clinical toxicology doctor. |
Not available |
Belgium |
Antwerp |
51.2,4.4 |
Antwerp |
ZNA Stuivenberg |
ED in general hospital |
Central and northern. Antwerp Metropolitan Area 40 km² |
Urban ED. With both long-term drug users and recreational use |
250 |
500000 |
Patients managed by ED. With referral to ICU, internal medicine or psychiatry as required. |
Part of Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen (ZNA), a 2500 bed hospital on 10 sites in Antwerp Metropolitan Area |
Belgium |
Ghent |
51.1,3.7 |
Ghent |
Ghent University Hospital |
ED in university hospital |
City of Ghent |
Located in city with very large student population (63 000 students on a population of 263 000), very active party scene (week and weekends), a few large night clubs in the area. |
1000 |
200,000 |
All poisonings are treated by the emergency physicians in the ED, if needed admitted to ITU and treated by intensivists. |
No dedicated toxicology department, though two toxicologists in the ED team. |
Bulgaria |
Sofia |
42.7,23.3 |
Sofia |
The University Multidisciplinary Hospital for Active Treatment and Emergency Medicine N. I. Pirogov |
Specialist toxicology clinic and teaching facility. Referral clinic for toxicology pathology for the country. |
Located in the centre of Sofia, the hospital is located near night life settings. |
Mostly young people - heroin users, recreational stimulant users, party goers, but there are also older people with long-term drug addiction, included clients in methadone programs. |
38 (includes 10 paediatric) |
1,500,000 |
The staff specialises in Internal Diseases, Clinical Toxicology and Emergency Medicine. The Toxicology Clinic is a teaching facility for Medical University of Sofia. |
|
Cyprus |
Nicosia |
35.2,33.4 |
Nicosia |
Nicosia General Hospital |
ER in the main public hospital of the capital city |
City of Nicosia |
The centre is located in the main public hospital of the capital city, however it is not located near an open drug scene or nightlife settings. The users more commonly presenting are recreational stimulant users (cocaine), cannabis users as well as people with high risk use (such as heroin and methamphetamine) |
419 |
~200,000 |
Poisoned patients are initially managed within the ER and, if further treatment is needed, admitted to the general medicine wards or intensive care unit |
|
Czechia |
Prague |
50.1,14.4 |
Prague |
Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicological Information Centre, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague |
Emergency Department in university hospital |
Central part of Prague and part of Central Bohemian Region (surrounding Prague) |
Use of marihuana, methamphetamine and alcohol most common |
1900 |
About 250 000 people (25% of Prague) |
Emergency Room physician and intensivist |
|
Denmark |
Copenhagen |
55.7,12.6 |
Copenhagen |
Bispebjerg Hospital |
ED in teaching hospital |
Copenhagen and Frederiksberg |
|
|
400000 |
Emergency patients are seen by internists or anesthesiologists. The Danish Poison Information Centre (Giftlinjen, Bispebjerg Hospital) provides advice on complex or unusual cases. |
The Danish Poison Information Centre has no day-to-day responsibility for patient care in the ED. |
Denmark |
Roskilde |
55.6,12.1 |
Roskilde |
Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde |
Emergency Department in teaching hospital |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonia |
Pärnu |
58.4,24.5 |
Parnu |
Pärnu Hospital |
ED in general hospital |
Western part of Estonia. Population served increases significantly in the summer with tourists from other parts of Estonia and abroad. |
|
|
100,000 |
Poisoned patients are initially managed within the Emergency Room and, if further treatment is needed, may be admitted to the general medicine wards or intensive care unit. |
|
Estonia |
Tallinn |
59.4,24.7 |
Tallinn |
North Estonia Medical Centre |
ED in general hospital |
Outside the town centre so recreational drug users may be admitted to one of the other two hospitals |
|
1230 |
|
Patients are initially treated by the emergency medicine doctors in ER and if further treatment is needed, the patients are transferred to intensive care or general medicine wards. |
In Estonia opioid overdoses are mainly treated on scene and patients are rarely admitted to ED. |
Finland |
Helsinki |
60.2,24.9 |
Helsinki |
Malmi Hospital |
ER in general hospital |
Eastern, south-eastern, north-eastern, and northern areas of Helsinki. |
|
3000 |
2.2 million |
Treated by ER clinicians and referred to medical wards or ICU if required |
For patient >16 years |
France |
Paris |
48.9,2.3 |
Paris |
Emergency Department, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris |
ED in teaching hospital |
Central Paris |
Next to ‘Gare du Nord’ (the largest and most crowded railway station in Europe), poor North-east area of Paris, located near a safe consumption room (next door). The area is a usual open drug scene with opioid users |
1200 |
>3 million |
Poisoned patients are seen by the Emergency Medicine Physicians on a 24/7 day-basis. |
Specialists on-call from the Paris Poison Centre and the medical and toxicological intensive care unit are consulted for specific or severe cases, respectively. |
Georgia |
Tblisi |
41.693,44.801 |
Tblisi |
Archangel St. Michael Multiprofile Clinical Hospital |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Not available |
Germany |
Munich |
48.1,11.6 |
Munich |
Department of Clinical Toxicology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine,Technical University Munich. |
Specialist department in a tertiary teaching hospital |
City of Munich and the surrondings |
Area of ~ 665 km2, the hospital is ~ 2 km from a party scene, an open consumption scene is near the main and eastern railway station, both ~<3 km. Users prefer sympathomimetics (NPS, cocaine, amphetamines, etc.). Among opioids, heroin does not play a dominant role, rather fentanyl and methadone. Cannabinoids and pregabalin are in the foreground. ChemSex, due to the proximity of a gay neighborhood). |
1161 (28 in department: 5 in a fully equipped ICU, 13 in a high dependency unit and 10 in a general ward |
In the city and district of Munich: about 1.9 million |
Poisoned patients are admitted directly and treated separately from the general medical ER at the department of Clinical Toxicology |
Provides a toxicological laboratory service and the Munich´s Poison Control Center with about 44,000 inquiries per year |
Ireland |
Drogheda |
53.7,-6.4 |
Drogheda |
Emergency Department, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital |
ED in general hospital |
North East of the Republic of Ireland. Mixed urban and rural population |
Large rural town population of 41,000 (2016). Large catchment area. Drugs ingested in context of parties and nightclubs primarily. Main drug groups are heroin, cocaine and stimulants. |
340 |
350,000 |
Patients treated in the ED and admitted to hospital or discharged as appropriate |
|
Ireland |
Dublin |
53.3,-6.3 |
Dublin |
Emergency Department, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital . Teaching hospital |
ED in teaching hospital |
North inner city serving a domiciled population |
|
600 |
185000 |
Initial management of toxicological emergencies is in the ED with admission under general medicine or critical care if required. |
|
Israel |
Haifa |
32.799,34.990 |
Haifa |
Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology |
ED in tertiary academic hospital |
Northern Israel |
Night-time economy venues, street homeless and hostel dwellers. The north district is known for its low socioeconomic status. Nearby is the main psychiatric hospital of the Northern Israel. Mainly wide cannabis usage in the area, but also heroin and cocaine. |
1100 |
>2.5 million |
Patients seen by ER Physician during office hours in the ED. Out of office hours by ER Physician or internal physician. Intensive care and Toxicology specialist are 24/7 on-call. (During office hours Toxicology Service are on site) |
The Israel Poison Information Center - the only service of its kind in the country - located at Rambam Health Care Campus and provides expert advice on poisonings to the healthcare system and the general public. available 24/7. |
Italy |
Monza |
45.6,9.3 |
Monza |
Emergency Department – Ospedale San Gerardo |
Emergency Room in teaching hospital |
North-eastern region of Milan |
Monza is a quiet, wealthy medium-sized city with no special problems about drugs, although wealth may contribute to the use of recreational drugs. The type of users is very different: heroin users, recreational stimulant users, party goers with cannabis most used. |
600 |
500,000 |
These patients are seen by ER medical staff and the consultant toxicologist is on-call by telephone from Poison Control Centre |
Poison Control Centre : CAV/CNIT (Centro Antiveleni – Centro Nazionale di Informazione Tossicologica) of Pavia. |
Italy |
Rozzano |
45.4,9.2 |
Rozzano |
Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 |
ER in teaching hospital |
South Milan Lombardy |
Outskirts south of Milan, near night clubs and discos. Several patients with psychiatric problems and substance abuse who do not usually belong to our ER because they do not have psychiatry |
780. (565 National Health Service,215 private healthcare) |
178 764 (Rozzano and neighbouring municipalities) |
Toxicology patients are seen by ER medical staff and the consultant toxicologist is on-call by telephone from Poison Control Centre CAV/CNIT |
Poison Control Centre CAV/CNIT (Centro Antiveleni – Centro Nazionale di Informazione Tossicologica) of Pavia H24. |
Latvia |
Riga |
56.9,24.1 |
Riga |
Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga |
ER in university hospital |
City of Riga |
|
|
|
Patients treated in the ED, Toxicology Department or ICU |
|
Lebanon |
Beirut |
33.889,35.503 |
Beirut |
American University of Beirut Medical Center |
ED in tertiary care hospital |
Beirut and Mount Lebanon governorates |
Not available |
358 |
Up to half Lebanese population |
Not available |
Not available |
Lithuania |
Kaunas |
54.9, 23.8 |
Kaunas |
Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences |
ER in university hospital |
Quiet area of the city with no safe consumption rooms nor night life settings |
|
2000 |
387,000 in Kaunas (but for some areas of medicine 699,000) |
Treated by ER clinicians and referred to medical wards or ICU if required |
In working time consultations of clinical toxicologists are available. |
Lithuania |
Vilnius |
54.7,25.3 |
Vilnius |
Toxicology Centre, Republic Vilnius University Hospital |
ED in university hospital |
City of Vilnius |
No particular characteristic and the hospital is the main emergency hospital in Vilnius |
657 |
500000 |
Patients are seen by the Clinical Toxicology doctor in the ER 24/7. 1000 patients per year are hospitalized in the toxicology centre. |
This is a clinical department which consists of 6 ICU beds and 15 general ward beds. Alongside is a psychiatry ward with 17 beds. |
Malta |
Msida |
35.9,14.5 |
Msida |
Emergency Department, Mater Dei Hospital |
The sole public, general, teaching hospital in Malta |
Malta |
A nearly whole country catchment area. Malta is the smallest national capital in the EU. A tourist destination with its warm climate with numerous recreational areas. Most common recreational overdoses are cocaine (crack on the rise), cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids, and heroin. Party goers presentations tend to be highest from April-Sept with another small peak in November |
1000 |
516000 |
There is no formal toxicological service, with poisoned patients being treated in the Emergency Department, intensive care, paediatric wards or general medical wards. |
|
North Macedonia |
Skopje |
41.996,21.432 |
Skopje |
University Clinic of Toxicology, Clinical campus Mother Theresa, Ss Cyril and Methodius University |
ED in teaching hospital |
Skopje (the capital) and North Macedonia territory |
From night-time economy venues and private parties/residences |
29 |
800 000 (population of Skopje) and sometimes from other cities in NMK (1.8million, patients in severe clinical presentation) |
Patients are treated in the ED, ICU or PIC |
Centre includes a Poisons Information Centre and Detoxification department (admission only during office hours). |
Norway |
Oslo OAEOC |
59.9,10.7 |
Oslo OAEOC |
Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic (OAEOC) |
Main casualty clinic in Oslo. Primary care emergency institution |
City of Oslo |
Located in the city centre, close to both main nightlife areas, safe consumption room, and open opioid addict scene. Main patient groups: ethanol (both binge drinking and chronic high alcohol consumption), injecting opioid and amphetamine users, and club scene drug users. |
15 beds for short time observation (max 6 hours) of recreational drug/ethanol toxicity patients. 18 beds in general 24-hour observation unit. |
700000 |
Poisoned patients are treated at the Emergency General Practice Department, mostly by registrar/resident-level general practitioners. 15% of poisoned patients presenting are referred on to another hospital |
In Norway patients cannot present directly to hospitals, but have to be assessed in primary care or by the ambulance service first. |
Norway |
Oslo OUH |
59.9,10.7 |
Oslo OUH |
Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital (OUH) |
Emergency hospital with local, regional and national responsibility of a variety of assignments |
The most severe poisoned patients in the region. OUH is the region`s trauma hospital and consists of several acute specialities. All kind of people elder than 18 years are attending. People below 18y attend to a child-Hospital also located in the OUH-area. After stabilization, patients are sometimes continued to local hospitals. |
The area around centre is a settlement area where people live and work and in connection to several travelling possibilities: bus, tram and subways. Type of people using drugs: young people attending to private parties and from the city night-life, and people in all ages using drugs in combining also because of addiction. Young and elder heroin users, GHB users, recreational stimulant users, party goers etc. |
In the medical clinic:~ 200 beds. In our Department of Acute Medicine, the intensive care unit has 10 beds and the Observational unit has 17 beds for observational use for several medical needs. |
Most severely poisoned patients from a catchment area of approximately 3 million people. |
The Department consists of an observational unit of 17 beds with a medical intensive care unit of 12 beds and it hosts the Norwegian CBRNe Centre of Medicine. |
All five Clinical consultants for the National Poisons Control Centre are also employed at the same department. |
Poland |
Gdansk |
54.4,18.6 |
Gdansk |
Pomeranian Centre of Clinical Toxicology (PCT) and Department of Clinical Toxicology Medical University of Gdansk |
Specialist toxicology hospital |
Centre of Gdansk but patients are from 25 hospitals in the Pomeranian province and~12 in Warmian-Masurian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian provinces of north Poland. |
The cities of Gdansk, Gdynia and Sopot (Triplecity) form a large port with numerous night clubs and a large academic centre (about 100, 000 people). |
17 in PCT, including 7 intensive care beds |
Combined population in 3 regions covered:~. 5,8 million |
Staff specialises in internal diseases, clinical toxicology and emergency medicine. PCT serves as a Poison Control Centre and Toxicological Information Centre. |
Toxicology reference hospital - operates 24/7. Only cases with serious toxicity are admitted. |
Romania |
Bucharest |
44.4,26.1 |
Bucharest |
Pediatric Poisoning Centre, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children “Grigore Alexandrescu” |
Reference toxicology unit for children in Romania within a teaching hospital |
City of Bucharest and four counties around |
Teenagers and young people using especially cannabis and recreational drugs, in clubs, private parties, street, school or universities |
440 |
5m |
The patients are managed by the six paediatricians and 24 nurses working here. |
Patients under 18 years old with acute overdoses are admitted to the centre. 25 beds in the unit |
Serbia |
Belgrade |
44.818,20.457 |
Belgrade |
The National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade |
Emergency Department (ED) in a teaching hospital which is the reference institution in the country for clinical toxicology |
Not available |
Not available |
1200 |
Not available |
Seen in the Emergency and Clinical Toxicology Clinic by specialists of internal medicine with sub-specialisation in clinical toxicology. 24 hour service. |
Mobile Toxicological Chemical Unit staffed by NPCC used for chemical accidents. |
Slovakia |
Bratislava |
48.2,17.1 |
Bratislava |
National Toxicological Information Centre, University Hospital (NTIC) |
Teaching hospital. Largest medical facility in Slovakia |
Wider city centre of Bratislava and one of three EDs in the University Hospital located in this city area |
The common public area of the capital of Slovakia, city of Bratislava |
2500 |
500000 |
NTIC, is a national clinical toxicology service providing advice and information to the health care providers, the general public, and other national organizations. |
NTIC has about 6500 toxicological consultations per year. NTIC operates on a 24/7 - basis |
Slovenia |
Ljubljana |
46.1,14.5 |
Ljubljana |
Medical emergency unit and Centre for Clinical Toxicology, University Medical Centre |
Emergency Department in teaching hospital |
Central Ljubljana |
Urban area with discos/dance clubs + a couple of squatter areas and an outpatient methadone clinic with a bustling drug using and trading community. Stimulant drugs more common than heroin and opioids.A high use of cannabis and GHB. |
2100 |
300 000 residents. Serves as a tertiary reference hospital for ~ 1.3 million people. |
Patients in the ER are seen by internists, with consultant toxicologist on-call. Centre for Clinical Toxicology has 6 monitored beds and 15 beds in a general ward. |
Excluding infectious disease, paediatric, surgical, neurological and psychiatric emergencies. Psychiatric evaluation and treatment is provided by a detached Psychiatric clinic. Toxicology Laboratory of the Institute of Forensic Medicine performs toxicological analyses. |
Spain |
Barcelona |
41.4,2.2 |
Barcelona |
Emergency Area, Clinical Toxicology Unit, Hospital Clinic |
ED in teaching hospital |
Central Barcelona |
Centre of the city, with many nightlife venues around. Many of our patients are recreational drug users and also participants in chemsex sessions. |
600 |
550000 |
Patients are treated in the emergency area, intensive care or general medical wards. |
|
Spain |
Palma de Mallorca |
39.6,2.9 |
Mallorca |
Emergency Department and Clinical Toxicology Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases |
Teaching hospital |
Leading tourist destination - large migrant population of tourists and seasonal workers especially during summer months, with over 8 million foreign tourists each year. |
Near a) shelter for low/no income people where intravenous heroin and cocaine are used, along with other drugs. b) an area of pubs & clubs used all year round but especially in the summer and c) beach area with large influx of visitors in the summer and in both these areas MDMA, cocaine, cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids or other new drugs are used |
750 |
Primary hospital for a resident population of about 400,000 and as a reference hospital for over a million people |
The ER treats poisoned patients on arrival; poisoned patients are reviewed by a member of the Clinical Toxicology Unit when on-duty or during office hours. |
No formal reference consultant is on-call for toxicology |
Switzerland |
Basel |
47.6,7.6 |
Basel |
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University Hospital |
Primary care and referral centre |
North-western Switzerland |
Several safe consumption rooms in Basel, opioid abuse often, recreational stimulant users, no open drug scene in Basel. |
780 |
1000000 |
Patients seen by the emergency physician with the clinical pharmacologist & toxicologist on-call when specialised advice is needed. |
|
Switzerland |
Bern |
46.9,7.5 |
Bern |
Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital |
Primary care facility (walk-in patients) and tertiary referral centre for hospitals in the greater Bern area |
City of Bern and greater Bern area |
A small city and there are some local night clubs and a drug treatment facility in the vicinity. |
1230 |
2 millions |
Poisoned patients are seen by the emergency physicians with clinical pharmacologists and toxicologists on-call when specialised advice is needed. |
Patients ≥16 years of age) |
Switzerland |
Geneva |
46.2,6.1 |
Geneva |
Geneva University Hospitals (HUG) |
ED in university hospital |
Canton of Geneva |
From night-time economy venues. Geneva has a safe consumption place called “Quai 9”, located nearby the central train station. It works with an association called “nuit blanche” (“sleepless night”) which was also created in order to reduce harm associated with drug consumption. This last association has staff present during certain nightlife events and propose a safe place to discuss about drugs, information and support. |
~2000 |
508 774 residents of the Geneva district and because of its proximity to the French border, the inhabitants of some nearby French cities. |
Patients treated in the ED and discharged or admitted as appropriate |
|
Switzerland |
Lugano |
46.0,8.95 |
Lugano |
Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale |
Specialized clinical pharmacology and toxicology unit providing consultancy to and collecting data from EDs of a network of 4 public academic teaching hospitals in Southern Switzerland. |
Urban and rural areas. |
ER located near open drug scene and night life settings; commonly seen in ER are mostly recreational stimulant users. |
1000 |
Almost 350 000 people. Serves as referral centre for Southern Switzerland. |
Management of poisoned patients involves the emergency physician, supported by the consultant clinical pharmacologist and toxicologist when needed. |
If required, management continues in medicine or critical care wards. |
The Netherlands |
Amsterdam |
52.4,4.9 |
Amsterdam |
Emergency department, OLVG Hospital |
ED in teaching hospital |
Central Amsterdam |
OLVG is a city centre hospital in Amsterdam. Many of the drug related patients are national or international tourists. Drug use is mostly related to social events, although people with chronic use are also seen. |
400 |
1 million |
Toxicology patients are mostly seen (under supervision) by emergency physicians. |
In case of severe toxicity, intensive care medicine, internal medicine, the hospital pharmacist and a clinical toxicologist will be involved. |
The Netherlands |
Utrecht |
52.1,5.1 |
Utrecht |
University Medical Center (UMC) |
ER in university hospital |
Not located near open drug scene or safe consumptions rooms. Outside the city center of Utrecht though close (~10 km). However, the city center also has a hospital with an ED. |
The hospital is located within Utrecht Science park. There are student housing facilities on the park and one restaurant, but other than that there is little to do and it is surrounded by grass-lands. The type of people are mostly recreational stimulant users and partygoers |
1100 |
The UMC Utrecht is the regional referral center (also known as a level 1 trauma center) for the Central Netherlands region with a catchment area of 1.1 million inhabitants. |
These patients are seen in the ED by specialists on call from acute internal medicine or intensive care. |
The Dutch National Poisons Information Center is located within the UMC Utrecht |
Tunisia |
Tunis |
33.844,9.400 |
Tunis |
Centre Mahmoud Yacoub d'assistance médicale urgente |
ED in a tertiary teaching hospital and national centre for toxicology |
Central Tunis |
Drugs used in the local streets, abandoned squatted houses and private residences and in local night-time economy venues |
21 |
3 million |
Seen by the Emergency or, if necessary, intensive care physicians. 24 hour service. |
Not available |
Türkiye |
Izmir |
38.4,27.1 |
Izmir |
İzmir Medical Sciences University, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital |
ED in teaching hospital |
City of Izmir |
Deprived area with low income and education attainment households where whole families may use and deal drugs, usually synthetic cannabinoids |
600 |
350,000 |
These patients are seen by the emergency medicine specialty program residents and their instructors. |
Patients seen 24 hours/7 days in the ER, and consulted on in intensive care or general medical wards. |
United Kingdom |
London |
51.5,-0.1 |
London STH |
Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy’s & St Thomas’ (STH) NHS Foundation Trust |
ED in teaching hospital |
Central and south east London with a number of small and large night time economy venues nearby, particularly those catering for men who have sex with men (MSM, “gay”). |
Recreational/NPS toxicity presentations are mostly commonly from those night-time economy venues, as well as privately held “chemsex parties” and private residences. Additionally, presentations are from street homeless and hostel dwellers. |
1100 |
1,6 million |
Patients are seen by the Clinical Toxicology service during office hours in the ER, intensive care or general medical wards and out of hours a consultant toxicologist is on-call. |
|
United Kingdom |
London |
51.4,-0.0 |
London KCH |
Emergency Department, King’s College Hospital (KCH) NHS Foundation Trust |
ED in teaching hospital. No formal toxicology service but strong links with the service at GSTT London. |
South east London. It has a diverse socioeconomic resident population. |
Recreational drug/NPS toxicity presentations are most commonly from local night-time economy venues, privately held “chemsex parties”, private residences, hostels and those who are street homeless. |
900 |
1 million |
|
|
United Kingdom |
London STMW |
51.5,-0.2 |
London STMW |
St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust |
ER in teaching hospital and inner-city major trauma centre. |
Central west and northwest London |
High numbers of stimulant recreational drug users, patients using drugs for chemsex and high rates of homelessness in the local area. |
495 |
2 million |
|
|
United Kingdom |
York |
54.0,-1.1 |
York |
York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust |
ED in teaching hospital |
Semi-rural population, living in or near York and North Yorkshire |
|
700 |
800000 |
Patients are managed initially within the Emergency Room and, if needed, may be admitted to the Acute Medical Unit or critical care areas under the care of a General Physician. |
Support from a local liaison psychiatry team. |
Euro-DEN filter sort
Term |
sort-order |
Cannabis (%) |
10 |
Cocaine (%) |
20 |
Heroin (%) |
30 |
Methadone (%) |
40 |
Any opioid (%) |
50 |
Amphetamine (%) |
60 |
Methamphetamine (%) |
70 |
MDMA (%) |
80 |
GHB/GBL (%) |
90 |
Any medicine (%) |
100 |
Pregabalin (%) |
110 |
Any benzodiazepine (%) |
120 |
Any NPS (%) |
130 |
Euro-DEN translation table
ID |
Term |
0 |
Close |
1 |
Male (%) |
2 |
Not admittted (%) |
3 |
Admitted to ICU |
4 |
all patients |
5 |
Breakdown by gender |
6 |
Proportion of the presentations with selected substance present |
7 |
More information about this emergency centre (December 2022) |
8 |
Top five other substances most commonly reported in the presentations (%) |
9 |
Number of presentations |
10 |
Substance identified |
11 |
Hospital |
12 |
Breakdown by age |
13 |
Please consider the total number of presentations in a centre for a given year when interpreting percentages |
14 |
|
15 |
Year |
20 |
Percentage of presentations (%) |
25 |
As a percentage of all acute drug toxicity presentations |