Data explorer. The European Syringe Collection and Analysis Project Enterprise (ESCAPE)
Publication date
Description
This interactive tool allows you to explore data from the ESCAPE project — the European Syringe Collection and Analysis Project Enterprise — which aims to identify the range of substances being used by people who inject drugs in a sentinel network of cities in the EU and neighbouring countries and to monitor changes in patterns of use over time. It provides city-level data that can complement other information and indicators on drug consumption and potential emerging health threats in the region.
This data explorer is part of Most recent data from the European Syringe Collection and Analysis Project Enterprise (ESCAPE): data explorer, analysis and key findings, which also provides more detailed analysis and links to further methodological resources.
Use the filters at the top of the map to view data by year and detected substance. Click on a bubble or select a location from the City drop-down list to view details about a location and the selected drug. Note that when no data is available for a given combination of filters (substance, year, location), the button will be greyed out.
Source tables
The source data behind the data explorer on this page may be found below. ESCAPE data and additional methodological information may also be found in the Syringe residues section of annual Statistical Bulletin.
Jump to a table:
- Table 1. ESCSAPE data table
- Table 2. ESCAPE location information
- Table 3. ESCAPE: complementary site information
| City | Year | Drug category | Syringes positive for the drug category | Number of syringes analysed | Percentage positive (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prague | 2020 | amphetamines | 169 | 234 | 72.22 |
| Prague | 2020 | buprenorphine | 52 | 234 | 22.22 |
| Prague | 2020 | cathinones | 2 | 234 | 0.85 |
| Prague | 2020 | cocaine | 2 | 234 | 0.85 |
| Prague | 2020 | fentanyl and derivatives | 1 | 234 | 0.43 |
| Prague | 2020 | heroin | 38 | 234 | 16.24 |
| Prague | 2020 | MDMA | 4 | 234 | 1.71 |
| Prague | 2020 | methadone | 22 | 234 | 9.4 |
| Prague | 2020 | morphine | 4 | 234 | 1.71 |
| Prague | 2020 | naloxone | 26 | 234 | 11.11 |
| Prague | 2020 | other opioids | 14 | 234 | 5.98 |
| Prague | 2021 | amphetamines | 100 | 162 | 61.73 |
| Prague | 2021 | buprenorphine | 80 | 162 | 49.38 |
| Prague | 2021 | cathinones | 3 | 162 | 1.85 |
| Prague | 2021 | cocaine | 1 | 162 | 0.62 |
| Prague | 2021 | fentanyl and derivatives | 1 | 162 | 0.62 |
| Prague | 2021 | heroin | 18 | 162 | 11.11 |
| Prague | 2021 | naloxone | 44 | 162 | 27.16 |
| Prague | 2021 | other medicines | 29 | 162 | 17.9 |
| Prague | 2022 | amphetamines | 84 | 153 | 54.9 |
| Prague | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 1 | 153 | 0.65 |
| Prague | 2022 | buprenorphine | 59 | 153 | 38.56 |
| Prague | 2022 | cathinones | 1 | 153 | 0.65 |
| Prague | 2022 | cocaine | 1 | 153 | 0.65 |
| Prague | 2022 | fentanyl and derivatives | 3 | 153 | 1.96 |
| Prague | 2022 | heroin | 31 | 153 | 20.26 |
| Prague | 2022 | naloxone | 11 | 153 | 7.19 |
| Prague | 2022 | other medicines | 20 | 153 | 13.07 |
| Prague | 2022 | other opioids | 1 | 153 | 0.65 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | amphetamines | 82 | 120 | 68.33 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | benzodiazepines | 3 | 120 | 2.5 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | buprenorphine | 5 | 120 | 4.17 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | cathinones | 30 | 120 | 25 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | cocaine | 18 | 120 | 15 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | fentanyl and derivatives | 2 | 120 | 1.67 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | MDMA | 5 | 120 | 4.17 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | methadone | 2 | 120 | 1.67 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | naloxone | 4 | 120 | 3.33 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | other drugs | 2 | 120 | 1.67 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | other medicines | 1 | 120 | 0.83 |
| Tallinn | 2021 | other opioids | 16 | 120 | 13.33 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | amphetamines | 117 | 149 | 78.52 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 12 | 149 | 8.05 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | buprenorphine | 12 | 149 | 8.05 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | cathinones | 28 | 149 | 18.79 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | cocaine | 5 | 149 | 3.36 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | fentanyl and derivatives | 8 | 149 | 5.37 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | MDMA | 3 | 149 | 2.01 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | methadone | 11 | 149 | 7.38 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | naloxone | 9 | 149 | 6.04 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | other drugs | 2 | 149 | 1.34 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | other medicines | 2 | 149 | 1.34 |
| Tallinn | 2022 | other opioids | 20 | 149 | 13.42 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | amphetamines | 150 | 284 | 52.82 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | benzodiazepines | 32 | 284 | 11.27 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | buprenorphine | 163 | 284 | 57.39 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | cathinones | 16 | 284 | 5.63 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | cocaine | 11 | 284 | 3.87 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | ketamine | 6 | 284 | 2.11 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | MDMA | 8 | 284 | 2.82 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | methadone | 4 | 284 | 1.41 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | naloxone | 32 | 284 | 11.27 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | other amphetamines | 3 | 284 | 1.06 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | other drugs | 1 | 284 | 0.35 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | other medicines | 58 | 284 | 20.42 |
| Helsinki | 2017 | other opioids | 9 | 284 | 3.17 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | amphetamines | 163 | 387 | 42.12 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | benzodiazepines | 14 | 387 | 3.62 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | buprenorphine | 258 | 387 | 66.67 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | cannabinoids | 1 | 387 | 0.26 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | cathinones | 21 | 387 | 5.43 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | cocaine | 13 | 387 | 3.36 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | methadone | 8 | 387 | 2.07 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | naloxone | 32 | 387 | 8.27 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | other amphetamines | 2 | 387 | 0.52 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | other drugs | 1 | 387 | 0.26 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | other medicines | 43 | 387 | 11.11 |
| Helsinki | 2018 | other opioids | 4 | 387 | 1.03 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | amphetamines | 64 | 194 | 32.99 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | benzodiazepines | 9 | 194 | 4.64 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | buprenorphine | 130 | 194 | 67.01 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | cathinones | 2 | 194 | 1.03 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | cocaine | 4 | 194 | 2.06 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | heroin | 2 | 194 | 1.03 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | MDMA | 3 | 194 | 1.55 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | methadone | 1 | 194 | 0.52 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | morphine | 1 | 194 | 0.52 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | naloxone | 10 | 194 | 5.15 |
| Helsinki | 2019 | other medicines | 5 | 194 | 2.58 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | amphetamines | 92 | 204 | 45.1 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | benzodiazepines | 9 | 204 | 4.41 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | buprenorphine | 106 | 204 | 51.96 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | cathinones | 2 | 204 | 0.98 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | cocaine | 1 | 204 | 0.49 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | fentanyl and derivatives | 2 | 204 | 0.98 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | MDMA | 3 | 204 | 1.47 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | methadone | 4 | 204 | 1.96 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | naloxone | 34 | 204 | 16.67 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | other drugs | 2 | 204 | 0.98 |
| Helsinki | 2020 | other medicines | 5 | 204 | 2.45 |
| Helsinki | 2021 | amphetamines | 68 | 167 | 40.72 |
| Helsinki | 2021 | benzodiazepines | 28 | 167 | 16.77 |
| Helsinki | 2021 | buprenorphine | 63 | 167 | 37.72 |
| Helsinki | 2021 | cathinones | 13 | 167 | 7.78 |
| Helsinki | 2021 | cocaine | 1 | 167 | 0.6 |
| Helsinki | 2021 | methadone | 3 | 167 | 1.8 |
| Helsinki | 2021 | naloxone | 19 | 167 | 11.38 |
| Helsinki | 2021 | other medicines | 5 | 167 | 2.99 |
| Helsinki | 2022 | amphetamines | 41 | 150 | 27.33 |
| Helsinki | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 21 | 150 | 14 |
| Helsinki | 2022 | buprenorphine | 62 | 150 | 41.33 |
| Helsinki | 2022 | cathinones | 35 | 150 | 23.33 |
| Helsinki | 2022 | MDMA | 3 | 150 | 2 |
| Helsinki | 2022 | methadone | 1 | 150 | 0.67 |
| Helsinki | 2022 | naloxone | 19 | 150 | 12.67 |
| Helsinki | 2022 | other amphetamines | 9 | 150 | 6 |
| Helsinki | 2022 | other medicines | 6 | 150 | 4 |
| Paris | 2017 | amphetamines | 3 | 259 | 1.16 |
| Paris | 2017 | buprenorphine | 22 | 259 | 8.49 |
| Paris | 2017 | cathinones | 113 | 259 | 43.63 |
| Paris | 2017 | cocaine | 66 | 259 | 25.48 |
| Paris | 2017 | heroin | 44 | 259 | 16.99 |
| Paris | 2017 | morphine | 37 | 259 | 14.29 |
| Paris | 2017 | other drugs | 10 | 259 | 3.86 |
| Paris | 2017 | other medicines | 3 | 259 | 1.16 |
| Paris | 2017 | other opioids | 1 | 259 | 0.39 |
| Paris | 2018 | amphetamines | 4 | 80 | 5 |
| Paris | 2018 | buprenorphine | 2 | 80 | 2.5 |
| Paris | 2018 | cathinones | 41 | 80 | 51.25 |
| Paris | 2018 | cocaine | 39 | 80 | 48.75 |
| Paris | 2018 | heroin | 16 | 80 | 20 |
| Paris | 2018 | morphine | 10 | 80 | 12.5 |
| Paris | 2018 | other medicines | 2 | 80 | 2.5 |
| Paris | 2018 | other opioids | 1 | 80 | 1.25 |
| Paris | 2019 | amphetamines | 20 | 161 | 12.42 |
| Paris | 2019 | buprenorphine | 11 | 161 | 6.83 |
| Paris | 2019 | cathinones | 108 | 161 | 67.08 |
| Paris | 2019 | cocaine | 43 | 161 | 26.71 |
| Paris | 2019 | fentanyl and derivatives | 2 | 161 | 1.24 |
| Paris | 2019 | heroin | 7 | 161 | 4.35 |
| Paris | 2019 | ketamine | 1 | 161 | 0.62 |
| Paris | 2019 | MDMA | 6 | 161 | 3.73 |
| Paris | 2019 | methadone | 4 | 161 | 2.48 |
| Paris | 2019 | morphine | 20 | 161 | 12.42 |
| Paris | 2019 | other medicines | 3 | 161 | 1.86 |
| Paris | 2019 | other opioids | 3 | 161 | 1.86 |
| Paris | 2020 | amphetamines | 10 | 138 | 7.25 |
| Paris | 2020 | buprenorphine | 10 | 138 | 7.25 |
| Paris | 2020 | cathinones | 111 | 138 | 80.43 |
| Paris | 2020 | cocaine | 24 | 138 | 17.39 |
| Paris | 2020 | fentanyl and derivatives | 2 | 138 | 1.45 |
| Paris | 2020 | heroin | 15 | 138 | 10.87 |
| Paris | 2020 | MDMA | 4 | 138 | 2.9 |
| Paris | 2020 | methadone | 2 | 138 | 1.45 |
| Paris | 2020 | morphine | 7 | 138 | 5.07 |
| Paris | 2020 | other medicines | 3 | 138 | 2.17 |
| Paris | 2020 | other opioids | 1 | 138 | 0.72 |
| Paris | 2021 | amphetamines | 8 | 120 | 6.67 |
| Paris | 2021 | benzodiazepines | 1 | 120 | 0.83 |
| Paris | 2021 | buprenorphine | 6 | 120 | 5 |
| Paris | 2021 | cathinones | 107 | 120 | 89.17 |
| Paris | 2021 | cocaine | 13 | 120 | 10.83 |
| Paris | 2021 | fentanyl and derivatives | 3 | 120 | 2.5 |
| Paris | 2021 | heroin | 6 | 120 | 5 |
| Paris | 2021 | ketamine | 1 | 120 | 0.83 |
| Paris | 2021 | methadone | 14 | 120 | 11.67 |
| Paris | 2021 | morphine | 10 | 120 | 8.33 |
| Paris | 2021 | other medicines | 1 | 120 | 0.83 |
| Paris | 2021 | other opioids | 2 | 120 | 1.67 |
| Paris | 2022 | amphetamines | 12 | 164 | 7.32 |
| Paris | 2022 | buprenorphine | 6 | 164 | 3.66 |
| Paris | 2022 | cannabinoids | 1 | 164 | 0.61 |
| Paris | 2022 | cathinones | 133 | 164 | 81.1 |
| Paris | 2022 | cocaine | 56 | 164 | 34.15 |
| Paris | 2022 | heroin | 17 | 164 | 10.37 |
| Paris | 2022 | MDMA | 5 | 164 | 3.05 |
| Paris | 2022 | methadone | 15 | 164 | 9.15 |
| Paris | 2022 | morphine | 42 | 164 | 25.61 |
| Paris | 2022 | other amphetamines | 21 | 164 | 12.8 |
| Paris | 2022 | other drugs | 7 | 164 | 4.27 |
| Paris | 2022 | other medicines | 11 | 164 | 6.71 |
| Paris | 2022 | other opioids | 7 | 164 | 4.27 |
| Paris | 2022 | others | 3 | 164 | 1.83 |
| Cologne | 2018 | cocaine | 112 | 163 | 68.71 |
| Cologne | 2018 | fentanyl and derivatives | 1 | 163 | 0.61 |
| Cologne | 2018 | heroin | 112 | 163 | 68.71 |
| Cologne | 2018 | morphine | 1 | 163 | 0.61 |
| Cologne | 2019 | amphetamines | 4 | 146 | 2.74 |
| Cologne | 2019 | cocaine | 106 | 146 | 72.6 |
| Cologne | 2019 | fentanyl and derivatives | 1 | 146 | 0.68 |
| Cologne | 2019 | heroin | 118 | 146 | 80.82 |
| Cologne | 2019 | methadone | 7 | 146 | 4.79 |
| Cologne | 2019 | morphine | 1 | 146 | 0.68 |
| Cologne | 2019 | other drugs | 3 | 146 | 2.05 |
| Cologne | 2019 | other medicines | 4 | 146 | 2.74 |
| Cologne | 2021 | amphetamines | 2 | 332 | 0.6 |
| Cologne | 2021 | cathinones | 4 | 332 | 1.2 |
| Cologne | 2021 | cocaine | 155 | 332 | 46.69 |
| Cologne | 2021 | heroin | 287 | 332 | 86.45 |
| Cologne | 2021 | methadone | 9 | 332 | 2.71 |
| Cologne | 2021 | other drugs | 2 | 332 | 0.6 |
| Cologne | 2021 | other medicines | 14 | 332 | 4.22 |
| Cologne | 2022 | amphetamines | 3 | 237 | 1.27 |
| Cologne | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 1 | 237 | 0.42 |
| Cologne | 2022 | buprenorphine | 1 | 237 | 0.42 |
| Cologne | 2022 | cathinones | 1 | 237 | 0.42 |
| Cologne | 2022 | cocaine | 137 | 237 | 57.81 |
| Cologne | 2022 | heroin | 191 | 237 | 80.59 |
| Cologne | 2022 | methadone | 5 | 237 | 2.11 |
| Cologne | 2022 | other drugs | 3 | 237 | 1.27 |
| Cologne | 2022 | other medicines | 2 | 237 | 0.84 |
| Athens | 2022 | amphetamines | 1 | 138 | 0.72 |
| Athens | 2022 | buprenorphine | 1 | 138 | 0.72 |
| Athens | 2022 | cocaine | 108 | 138 | 78.26 |
| Athens | 2022 | heroin | 123 | 138 | 89.13 |
| Athens | 2022 | methadone | 1 | 138 | 0.72 |
| Athens | 2022 | morphine | 2 | 138 | 1.45 |
| Athens | 2022 | other medicines | 4 | 138 | 2.9 |
| Athens | 2022 | other opioids | 13 | 138 | 9.42 |
| Thessaloniki | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 6 | 174 | 3.45 |
| Thessaloniki | 2022 | buprenorphine | 57 | 174 | 32.76 |
| Thessaloniki | 2022 | cocaine | 121 | 174 | 69.54 |
| Thessaloniki | 2022 | heroin | 89 | 174 | 51.15 |
| Thessaloniki | 2022 | methadone | 3 | 174 | 1.72 |
| Thessaloniki | 2022 | other medicines | 17 | 174 | 9.77 |
| Thessaloniki | 2022 | other opioids | 1 | 174 | 0.57 |
| Budapest | 2017 | amphetamines | 33 | 226 | 14.6 |
| Budapest | 2017 | buprenorphine | 4 | 226 | 1.77 |
| Budapest | 2017 | cannabinoids | 5 | 226 | 2.21 |
| Budapest | 2017 | cathinones | 180 | 226 | 79.65 |
| Budapest | 2017 | heroin | 13 | 226 | 5.75 |
| Budapest | 2017 | other amphetamines | 22 | 226 | 9.73 |
| Budapest | 2017 | other medicines | 1 | 226 | 0.44 |
| Budapest | 2018 | amphetamines | 25 | 141 | 17.73 |
| Budapest | 2018 | cathinones | 61 | 141 | 43.26 |
| Budapest | 2018 | cocaine | 7 | 141 | 4.96 |
| Budapest | 2018 | heroin | 47 | 141 | 33.33 |
| Budapest | 2018 | methadone | 4 | 141 | 2.84 |
| Budapest | 2018 | other amphetamines | 4 | 141 | 2.84 |
| Budapest | 2018 | other opioids | 1 | 141 | 0.71 |
| Budapest | 2019 | amphetamines | 2 | 74 | 2.7 |
| Budapest | 2019 | cathinones | 43 | 74 | 58.11 |
| Budapest | 2019 | cocaine | 1 | 74 | 1.35 |
| Budapest | 2019 | heroin | 27 | 74 | 36.49 |
| Budapest | 2019 | other medicines | 4 | 74 | 5.41 |
| Budapest | 2019 | other opioids | 1 | 74 | 1.35 |
| Budapest | 2020 | cathinones | 89 | 174 | 51.15 |
| Budapest | 2020 | cocaine | 4 | 174 | 2.3 |
| Budapest | 2020 | heroin | 100 | 174 | 57.47 |
| Budapest | 2020 | methadone | 8 | 174 | 4.6 |
| Budapest | 2020 | other opioids | 3 | 174 | 1.72 |
| Budapest | 2021 | amphetamines | 5 | 130 | 3.85 |
| Budapest | 2021 | cathinones | 56 | 130 | 43.08 |
| Budapest | 2021 | cocaine | 23 | 130 | 17.69 |
| Budapest | 2021 | heroin | 78 | 130 | 60 |
| Budapest | 2021 | methadone | 10 | 130 | 7.69 |
| Budapest | 2021 | other amphetamines | 2 | 130 | 1.54 |
| Budapest | 2021 | other opioids | 1 | 130 | 0.77 |
| Budapest | 2022 | amphetamines | 10 | 132 | 7.58 |
| Budapest | 2022 | cathinones | 45 | 132 | 34.09 |
| Budapest | 2022 | cocaine | 32 | 132 | 24.24 |
| Budapest | 2022 | heroin | 54 | 132 | 40.91 |
| Budapest | 2022 | methadone | 4 | 132 | 3.03 |
| Dublin | 2021 | amphetamines | 32 | 89 | 35.96 |
| Dublin | 2021 | benzodiazepines | 3 | 89 | 3.37 |
| Dublin | 2021 | cathinones | 10 | 89 | 11.24 |
| Dublin | 2021 | cocaine | 77 | 89 | 86.52 |
| Dublin | 2021 | heroin | 83 | 89 | 93.26 |
| Dublin | 2021 | ketamine | 7 | 89 | 7.87 |
| Dublin | 2021 | methadone | 55 | 89 | 61.8 |
| Dublin | 2021 | other medicines | 39 | 89 | 43.82 |
| Dublin | 2021 | other opioids | 7 | 89 | 7.87 |
| Dublin | 2022 | amphetamines | 2 | 99 | 2.02 |
| Dublin | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 7 | 99 | 7.07 |
| Dublin | 2022 | cathinones | 1 | 99 | 1.01 |
| Dublin | 2022 | cocaine | 71 | 99 | 71.72 |
| Dublin | 2022 | heroin | 73 | 99 | 73.74 |
| Dublin | 2022 | ketamine | 3 | 99 | 3.03 |
| Dublin | 2022 | MDMA | 7 | 99 | 7.07 |
| Dublin | 2022 | methadone | 34 | 99 | 34.34 |
| Dublin | 2022 | morphine | 1 | 99 | 1.01 |
| Dublin | 2022 | other medicines | 25 | 99 | 25.25 |
| Dublin | 2022 | other opioids | 1 | 99 | 1.01 |
| Midlands | 2021 | amphetamines | 11 | 55 | 20 |
| Midlands | 2021 | benzodiazepines | 11 | 55 | 20 |
| Midlands | 2021 | cathinones | 13 | 55 | 23.64 |
| Midlands | 2021 | cocaine | 49 | 55 | 89.09 |
| Midlands | 2021 | heroin | 54 | 55 | 98.18 |
| Midlands | 2021 | methadone | 28 | 55 | 50.91 |
| Midlands | 2021 | other medicines | 28 | 55 | 50.91 |
| Midlands | 2022 | amphetamines | 1 | 61 | 1.64 |
| Midlands | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 13 | 61 | 21.31 |
| Midlands | 2022 | cocaine | 33 | 61 | 54.1 |
| Midlands | 2022 | heroin | 47 | 61 | 77.05 |
| Midlands | 2022 | MDMA | 2 | 61 | 3.28 |
| Midlands | 2022 | methadone | 11 | 61 | 18.03 |
| Midlands | 2022 | morphine | 1 | 61 | 1.64 |
| Midlands | 2022 | other medicines | 19 | 61 | 31.15 |
| Midlands | 2022 | other opioids | 1 | 61 | 1.64 |
| Riga | 2020 | amphetamines | 35 | 193 | 18.13 |
| Riga | 2020 | benzodiazepines | 9 | 193 | 4.66 |
| Riga | 2020 | buprenorphine | 32 | 193 | 16.58 |
| Riga | 2020 | cathinones | 6 | 193 | 3.11 |
| Riga | 2020 | fentanyl and derivatives | 84 | 193 | 43.52 |
| Riga | 2020 | heroin | 10 | 193 | 5.18 |
| Riga | 2020 | MDMA | 10 | 193 | 5.18 |
| Riga | 2020 | methadone | 32 | 193 | 16.58 |
| Riga | 2020 | naloxone | 25 | 193 | 12.95 |
| Riga | 2020 | other medicines | 34 | 193 | 17.62 |
| Riga | 2020 | other opioids | 9 | 193 | 4.66 |
| Riga | 2021 | amphetamines | 57 | 121 | 47.11 |
| Riga | 2021 | benzodiazepines | 7 | 121 | 5.79 |
| Riga | 2021 | buprenorphine | 23 | 121 | 19.01 |
| Riga | 2021 | cathinones | 24 | 121 | 19.83 |
| Riga | 2021 | fentanyl and derivatives | 2 | 121 | 1.65 |
| Riga | 2021 | heroin | 2 | 121 | 1.65 |
| Riga | 2021 | MDMA | 7 | 121 | 5.79 |
| Riga | 2021 | methadone | 14 | 121 | 11.57 |
| Riga | 2021 | morphine | 2 | 121 | 1.65 |
| Riga | 2021 | naloxone | 20 | 121 | 16.53 |
| Riga | 2021 | other medicines | 8 | 121 | 6.61 |
| Riga | 2021 | other opioids | 1 | 121 | 0.83 |
| Riga | 2022 | amphetamines | 92 | 194 | 47.42 |
| Riga | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 10 | 194 | 5.15 |
| Riga | 2022 | buprenorphine | 8 | 194 | 4.12 |
| Riga | 2022 | cocaine | 11 | 194 | 5.67 |
| Riga | 2022 | fentanyl and derivatives | 56 | 194 | 28.87 |
| Riga | 2022 | MDMA | 19 | 194 | 9.79 |
| Riga | 2022 | methadone | 63 | 194 | 32.47 |
| Riga | 2022 | other opioids | 53 | 194 | 27.32 |
| Beirut | 2022 | buprenorphine | 47 | 100 | 47 |
| Beirut | 2022 | cocaine | 61 | 100 | 61 |
| Beirut | 2022 | heroin | 51 | 100 | 51 |
| Beirut | 2022 | morphine | 9 | 100 | 9 |
| Beirut | 2022 | other opioids | 12 | 100 | 12 |
| Vilnius | 2019 | amphetamines | 4 | 132 | 3.03 |
| Vilnius | 2019 | cocaine | 2 | 132 | 1.52 |
| Vilnius | 2019 | fentanyl and derivatives | 43 | 132 | 32.58 |
| Vilnius | 2019 | heroin | 1 | 132 | 0.76 |
| Vilnius | 2019 | MDMA | 3 | 132 | 2.27 |
| Vilnius | 2019 | methadone | 121 | 132 | 91.67 |
| Vilnius | 2019 | morphine | 2 | 132 | 1.52 |
| Vilnius | 2020 | amphetamines | 4 | 66 | 6.06 |
| Vilnius | 2020 | cathinones | 1 | 66 | 1.52 |
| Vilnius | 2020 | cocaine | 3 | 66 | 4.55 |
| Vilnius | 2020 | fentanyl and derivatives | 1 | 66 | 1.52 |
| Vilnius | 2020 | methadone | 64 | 66 | 96.97 |
| Vilnius | 2020 | other drugs | 1 | 66 | 1.52 |
| Vilnius | 2021 | amphetamines | 4 | 57 | 7.02 |
| Vilnius | 2021 | fentanyl and derivatives | 50 | 57 | 87.72 |
| Vilnius | 2021 | heroin | 2 | 57 | 3.51 |
| Vilnius | 2021 | methadone | 2 | 57 | 3.51 |
| Vilnius | 2021 | other drugs | 1 | 57 | 1.75 |
| Vilnius | 2022 | amphetamines | 10 | 141 | 7.09 |
| Vilnius | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 1 | 141 | 0.71 |
| Vilnius | 2022 | fentanyl and derivatives | 129 | 141 | 91.49 |
| Vilnius | 2022 | methadone | 48 | 141 | 34.04 |
| Vilnius | 2022 | other drugs | 11 | 141 | 7.8 |
| Vilnius | 2022 | other medicines | 1 | 141 | 0.71 |
| Balty | 2021 | amphetamines | 18 | 96 | 18.75 |
| Balty | 2021 | benzodiazepines | 3 | 96 | 3.12 |
| Balty | 2021 | cathinones | 7 | 96 | 7.29 |
| Balty | 2021 | methadone | 44 | 96 | 45.83 |
| Balty | 2021 | other medicines | 12 | 96 | 12.5 |
| Balty | 2021 | other opioids | 30 | 96 | 31.25 |
| Amsterdam | 2017 | cocaine | 35 | 81 | 43.21 |
| Amsterdam | 2017 | heroin | 77 | 81 | 95.06 |
| Amsterdam | 2017 | MDMA | 1 | 81 | 1.23 |
| Amsterdam | 2017 | methadone | 4 | 81 | 4.94 |
| Amsterdam | 2017 | morphine | 1 | 81 | 1.23 |
| Amsterdam | 2017 | other opioids | 1 | 81 | 1.23 |
| Amsterdam | 2019 | amphetamines | 81 | 118 | 68.64 |
| Amsterdam | 2019 | cocaine | 22 | 118 | 18.64 |
| Amsterdam | 2019 | heroin | 29 | 118 | 24.58 |
| Amsterdam | 2019 | ketamine | 9 | 118 | 7.63 |
| Amsterdam | 2019 | MDMA | 31 | 118 | 26.27 |
| Amsterdam | 2019 | morphine | 1 | 118 | 0.85 |
| Amsterdam | 2019 | other opioids | 1 | 118 | 0.85 |
| Oslo | 2019 | amphetamines | 43 | 105 | 40.95 |
| Oslo | 2019 | benzodiazepines | 8 | 105 | 7.62 |
| Oslo | 2019 | buprenorphine | 3 | 105 | 2.86 |
| Oslo | 2019 | cocaine | 2 | 105 | 1.9 |
| Oslo | 2019 | heroin | 87 | 105 | 82.86 |
| Oslo | 2019 | MDMA | 3 | 105 | 2.86 |
| Oslo | 2019 | naloxone | 1 | 105 | 0.95 |
| Oslo | 2019 | other drugs | 1 | 105 | 0.95 |
| Oslo | 2020 | amphetamines | 131 | 199 | 65.83 |
| Oslo | 2020 | benzodiazepines | 4 | 199 | 2.01 |
| Oslo | 2020 | buprenorphine | 4 | 199 | 2.01 |
| Oslo | 2020 | cocaine | 3 | 199 | 1.51 |
| Oslo | 2020 | fentanyl and derivatives | 1 | 199 | 0.5 |
| Oslo | 2020 | heroin | 125 | 199 | 62.81 |
| Oslo | 2020 | MDMA | 1 | 199 | 0.5 |
| Oslo | 2020 | methadone | 5 | 199 | 2.51 |
| Oslo | 2020 | morphine | 1 | 199 | 0.5 |
| Oslo | 2021 | amphetamines | 95 | 160 | 59.38 |
| Oslo | 2021 | benzodiazepines | 7 | 160 | 4.38 |
| Oslo | 2021 | buprenorphine | 2 | 160 | 1.25 |
| Oslo | 2021 | cocaine | 5 | 160 | 3.12 |
| Oslo | 2021 | heroin | 109 | 160 | 68.12 |
| Oslo | 2021 | ketamine | 1 | 160 | 0.62 |
| Oslo | 2021 | MDMA | 1 | 160 | 0.62 |
| Oslo | 2021 | morphine | 4 | 160 | 2.5 |
| Oslo | 2021 | other medicines | 2 | 160 | 1.25 |
| Oslo | 2021 | other opioids | 1 | 160 | 0.62 |
| Oslo | 2022 | amphetamines | 87 | 158 | 55.06 |
| Oslo | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 7 | 158 | 4.43 |
| Oslo | 2022 | buprenorphine | 1 | 158 | 0.63 |
| Oslo | 2022 | cocaine | 4 | 158 | 2.53 |
| Oslo | 2022 | heroin | 90 | 158 | 56.96 |
| Oslo | 2022 | ketamine | 1 | 158 | 0.63 |
| Oslo | 2022 | morphine | 7 | 158 | 4.43 |
| Oslo | 2022 | other opioids | 1 | 158 | 0.63 |
| Lausanne | 2017 | benzodiazepines | 54 | 233 | 23.18 |
| Lausanne | 2017 | cocaine | 168 | 233 | 72.1 |
| Lausanne | 2017 | heroin | 83 | 233 | 35.62 |
| Lausanne | 2017 | MDMA | 3 | 233 | 1.29 |
| Lausanne | 2017 | methadone | 5 | 233 | 2.15 |
| Lausanne | 2017 | morphine | 12 | 233 | 5.15 |
| Lausanne | 2017 | other drugs | 2 | 233 | 0.86 |
| Lausanne | 2017 | other opioids | 4 | 233 | 1.72 |
| Lausanne | 2018 | benzodiazepines | 37 | 128 | 28.91 |
| Lausanne | 2018 | buprenorphine | 1 | 128 | 0.78 |
| Lausanne | 2018 | cocaine | 85 | 128 | 66.41 |
| Lausanne | 2018 | heroin | 47 | 128 | 36.72 |
| Lausanne | 2018 | morphine | 18 | 128 | 14.06 |
| Lausanne | 2018 | other medicines | 2 | 128 | 1.56 |
| Lausanne | 2018 | other opioids | 5 | 128 | 3.91 |
| Lausanne | 2019 | benzodiazepines | 38 | 116 | 32.76 |
| Lausanne | 2019 | cocaine | 92 | 116 | 79.31 |
| Lausanne | 2019 | heroin | 19 | 116 | 16.38 |
| Lausanne | 2019 | morphine | 26 | 116 | 22.41 |
| Lausanne | 2020 | benzodiazepines | 44 | 129 | 34.11 |
| Lausanne | 2020 | cocaine | 76 | 129 | 58.91 |
| Lausanne | 2020 | heroin | 32 | 129 | 24.81 |
| Lausanne | 2020 | methadone | 1 | 129 | 0.78 |
| Lausanne | 2020 | morphine | 24 | 129 | 18.6 |
| Lausanne | 2020 | other drugs | 1 | 129 | 0.78 |
| Lausanne | 2020 | other medicines | 1 | 129 | 0.78 |
| Lausanne | 2021 | benzodiazepines | 34 | 124 | 27.42 |
| Lausanne | 2021 | cocaine | 96 | 124 | 77.42 |
| Lausanne | 2021 | heroin | 21 | 124 | 16.94 |
| Lausanne | 2021 | methadone | 2 | 124 | 1.61 |
| Lausanne | 2021 | morphine | 18 | 124 | 14.52 |
| Lausanne | 2021 | other opioids | 10 | 124 | 8.06 |
| Tunis | 2022 | amphetamines | 30 | 124 | 24.19 |
| Tunis | 2022 | benzodiazepines | 10 | 124 | 8.06 |
| Tunis | 2022 | buprenorphine | 75 | 124 | 60.48 |
| Tunis | 2022 | cathinones | 9 | 124 | 7.26 |
| Tunis | 2022 | cocaine | 3 | 124 | 2.42 |
| Tunis | 2022 | fentanyl and derivatives | 8 | 124 | 6.45 |
| Tunis | 2022 | heroin | 1 | 124 | 0.81 |
| Tunis | 2022 | MDMA | 5 | 124 | 4.03 |
| Tunis | 2022 | other drugs | 1 | 124 | 0.81 |
| Tunis | 2022 | other medicines | 23 | 124 | 18.55 |
| Tunis | 2022 | other opioids | 33 | 124 | 26.61 |
| Odessa | 2022 | amphetamines | 2 | 31 | 6.45 |
| Odessa | 2022 | methadone | 29 | 31 | 93.55 |
| Glasgow | 2017 | amphetamines | 20 | 195 | 10.26 |
| Glasgow | 2017 | benzodiazepines | 1 | 195 | 0.51 |
| Glasgow | 2017 | cocaine | 156 | 195 | 80 |
| Glasgow | 2017 | heroin | 95 | 195 | 48.72 |
| Glasgow | 2017 | MDMA | 22 | 195 | 11.28 |
| Glasgow | 2017 | morphine | 11 | 195 | 5.64 |
| Glasgow | 2017 | other opioids | 4 | 195 | 2.05 |
| Location | Country | latlon |
|---|---|---|
| Amsterdam | Netherlands | 52.4,4.9 |
| Balty | Moldova | 47.7,27.9 |
| Beirut | Lebanon | 33.9,35.5 |
| Budapest | Hungary | 47.5,19.0 |
| Cologne | Germany | 50.9,7.0 |
| Dublin | Ireland | 53.3,-6.3 |
| Glasgow | UK | 55.9,-4.2 |
| Helsinki | Finland | 60.2,24.9 |
| Lausanne | Switzerland | 46.5,6.6 |
| Midlands | Ireland | -19.3,29.9 |
| Odessa | Ukraine | 46.5,30.7 |
| Oslo | Norway | 59.9,10.7 |
| Paris | France | 48.9,2.3 |
| Prague | Czechia | 50.1,14.4 |
| Riga | Latvia | 56.9,24.1 |
| Tallinn | Estonia | 59.4,24.7 |
| Tunis | Tunisia | 33.8,9.4 |
| Vilnius | Lithuania | 54.7,25.3 |
| Athens | Greece | 37.9,23.7 |
| Thessaloniki | Greece | 40.6,22.9 |
| City | City population | Estimated PWID population | Campaigns | Month of latest collection campaign | Harm-reduction collection sites | Laboratory | Laboratory method | Laboratory equipment | All syringes reported | Number of psychoactive substances detected | Main finding/new trends | % Of syringes with combination of drug categories | Most common combination | Other substances of public health concern |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dublin | 1347400 | 11729 | 2021, 2022 | September/October 2022 | 1 NSP fixed | HSE National Drug Treatment Centre Laboratory | Targeted screening method | HPLC | 99 | 15 | Heroin, cocaine, methadone | 65% | Cocaine + heroin | Benzodiazepines |
| Midlands | 230600 | 1046 | 2021, 2022 | September/October 2022 | 1 NSP fixed | HSE National Drug Treatment Centre Laboratory | Targeted screening method | HPLC | 61 | 11 | Heroin, cocaine, benzodiazepines (flurazepam), methadone | 64% | Cocaine + heroin | Pregabalin |
| Paris | 2140526 | 26328 | 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 | September 2022 | 5 AIKD | Laboratory of Pharmacology—Toxicology, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital-Paris Saclay University | Targeted screening method | UPLC-MS/MS | 164 | 51 | Cathinones (3-MMC, 3-CMC, methcathinone) | 66% | Cathinones + cocaine; cathinones + morphine | Morhphine, Cocaine |
| Cologne | 1081701 | 6600 | 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022 | August 2022 | 3 NSP fixed, 2 DCR fixed | Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg | Targeted screening method | HPLC-MS | 237 | 11 | Heroin, cocaine | 43% | Cocaine + heroin | Methadone |
| Lausanne | 137810 | no data | 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 | September 2021 | 1 AIKD | University Institutes at the University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne-Geneva | Screening method | GC-MS | 124 | 6 | Cocaine, benzodiazepines (midazolam), increase in morphine (from OAT), | 33% | Cocaine + midazolam | Heroin |
| Oslo | 700000 | 1550 | 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 | September 2022 | 1 DCR fixed, 2 NSP fixed | Department of forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital | Targeted screening method | UHPLC-MS/MS | 158 | 10 | Heroin, amphetamine | 23% | Heroin + amphetamine | Benzodiazepines (alprazolam) |
| Prague | 1200000 | 13000 | 2020, 2021, 2022 | September 2022 | 4 NSP fixed | Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances | Screening method and library search, library search | UHPCL-MS/MS | 153 | 12 | Methamphetamine, buprenorphine, heroin | 53% | Methamphetamine + buprenorphine | Pseudoephedrine |
| Budapest | 2000000 | 6000 | 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 | June 2022 | 2 NSP fixed | Toxicology Laboratory of the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Debrecen | Screening method | GC-MS | 132 | 7 | Heroin, cathinones (n-ethylhexedrone most common), cocaine | 10% | Cocaine + heroin | Amphetamine, methadone |
| Helsinki | 656920 | 8500 | 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 | September 2022 | 5 NSP | Forensic Toxicology Unit at National Institute for Health and Welfare | Targeted and non-targeted screening methods | UHPLC-MS/MS, UHPLC-QTOF/MS | 150 | 15 | Buprenorphine, amphetamine, cathinones (alpha-phip) | 25% | Buprenorphine + benzodiazepines | Benzodiazepines (midazolam, alprazolam) |
| Tallinn | 457631 | no data | 2021, 2022 | June 2022 | 4 NSP fixed, 1 NSP mobile | Estonian Forensic Science Institute | Screening method | GC-MS | 149 | 20 | Amphetamine, cathinones (alpha-PVP), isotonitazene | 11% | Amphetamines + other opioids (isotonitazene) | Fentanyl, carfentanil |
| Riga | 614618 | no data | 2020, 2021, 2022 | September 2022 | 5 NSP mobile | Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis | Targeted and non-targeted screening method, library search | UHPLC-QTOF/MS | 194 | 10 | Amphetamine, carfentanil, methadone, isotonitazene, metonitazene | 11% | Carfentanil + methadone | Xylazine found in syringes with benzimidazole opioids |
| Vilnius | 563012 | 3643 | 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 | September 2022 | 2 NSP mobile, 1 NSP fixed, | Lithuanian Police Forensic Science Centre and Forensic Science Centre of Lithuania | Screening method | GC-MS | 141 | 6 | Carfentanil, methadone | 34% | Carfentanil + methadone | Majority of syringes with carfentanil also contained diphenhydramine |
| Amsterdam | 860000 | 200 | 2017, 2019 | August 2019 | 2 DCR fixed, 3 NSP fixed | University Institutes at the University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne-Geneva | Screening method | GC-MS | 118 | 8 | Methamphetamine, MDMA, heroin, cocaine | 34% | Methamphetamine, MDMA | Ketamine |
| Glasgow | 621020 | 5500 | 2017 | October/November 2017 | 2 NSP fixed | Forensic Medicine and Science, University of Glasgow | Targeted screening method | HPLC | 195 | 7 | Cocaine, heroin | 47% | Cocaine + heroin | MDMA, methamphetamine |
| Athens | 637798 | 2500 | 2022 | September 2022 | 1 DCR fixed, 2 outreach teams | Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology - Faculty of Medicine of Thessaloniki | Screening method | HPLC GC | 138 | 9 | Cocaine, heroin | 71% | Cocaine + heroin | Tramadol |
| Thessaloniki | 1057825 | no data | 2022 | September 2022 | 5 NSP mobile | Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology - Faculty of Medicine of Thessaloniki | Screening method | HPLC GC | 174 | 10 | Cocaine, heroin, buprenorphine | 55% | Cocaine + heroin | Benzodiazepines (diazepam) |
| Beirut | 2421000 | no data | 2022 | December 2022 | 3 NSP fixed | Forensic laboratory at El Helo military barracks | Screening method | GC-MS | 100 | 6 | Cocaine, heroin, buprenorphine | 61% | Cocaine, heroin, buprenorphine | morphine |
| Tunis | 2643695 | no data | 2021, 2022 | November 2021/January 2022 | 4 NSP fixed | Forensic laboratory of toxicology at the Mahmoud Yaccoub Center of Urgent Medical Assistance | Screening method | HPLC-MS/MS | 124 | 19 | Buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine | 40% | Buprenorphine, other medecines | benzodiazepines, cathinones |
| Balty | 135000 | 5400 | 2021 | October/November/December 2021 | 3 NSP mobile | Forensic Expert Centre in Balty/Forensic Expert Centre in Chisinau | Screening method | GC-MS/MS | 96 | 10 | methadone, tramadol, methamphetamine | 19% | methamphetamine, tramadol | alpha-PVP |
| Odessa | 993120 | no data | 2022 | January/February 2022 | 4 NSP fixed (pharmacy) | Odessa Scientific Research Forensic Centre of the Ministry of Interior | Screening method | GC-MS/MS | 31 | 2 | methadone | 0% | amphetamine |
| Category | Filter sort |
|---|---|
| adulterants | -1 |
| amphetamines | 2 |
| arylcyclohexylamines | 3 |
| benzodiazepines | 4 |
| buprenorphine | 5 |
| cannabinoids | 6 |
| cathinones | 7 |
| cocaine | 8 |
| fentanyl and derivatives | 9 |
| heroin | 10 |
| ketamine | 11 |
| MDMA | 12 |
| metabolites and degradation products | -1 |
| methadone | 14 |
| morphine | 15 |
| naloxone | -1 |
| other amphetamines | 1000 |
| other drugs | 1000 |
| otther medicines | 19 |
| other opioids | 20 |
| others | 21 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| 0 | Close |
| 1 | Substances detected (%) |
| 2 | Syringes with combination of drug categories |
| 3 | Just one category |
| 4 | comparison with other sites |
| 5 | Percentage of syringes/needles testing positive for the selected drug category, by city, by year |
| 6 | Contextual information |
| 7 | Laboratory information |
| 8 | Main results, 2021 (or most recent year) |
| 9 | Number |
| 20 | Percentage positive (%) |
| 30 | Syringes analysed (number) |
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